RIPA-G2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation Essay Example

RIPA-G:2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation Paper Ross Information Processing Assessment Geriatric: Second Edition (RIPA G:2) Diagnostic Test Critique General Information Ross-swain, D. , Fogle, P. T. , (2012). Ross Information Processing Assessment- Geriatric. (2nd ed. ). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. No reference was given as to what revisions/changes occurred in the production of the RIPA-G:2 from its previous edition. Purpose of Test The purpose of the Ross Information Processing Assessment-Geriatric: Second Edition (RIPA-G:2) is to provide a comprehensive and norm-referenced cognitive- inguistic assessment instrument that is designed to identify, describe, and quantify cognitive-linguistic deficits in individuals ages 55 years and older. Test Composition The RIPA-G:2 is composed of examiner record booklets and the manual. We will write a custom essay sample on RIPA-G:2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on RIPA-G:2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on RIPA-G:2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The booklets are organized into seven subtests (immediate memory, temporal orientation, spatial orientation, general information, situational knowledge, categorical vocabulary, and listening comprehension) that evaluate the different aspects of geriatric cognitive-linguistic skills/functioning. The manual is straightforward and easy to follow. Split into six chapters, the first three cover general information about the test, administration and interpretation. Whereas, chapters four through six focus on the normative sample, the tests reliability and the tests validity. Appendixes A-C are used to convert the subtest raw scores to scaled scores, the subtest raw scores to percentile ranks, and to convert the sums ot the scaled scores to indexes and percentile ranks, respectively. Appendix D consists of an example of a scored RIPA-G:2 subtest that is helpful to the examiners understanding of the test. Administration of Test The RIPA-G:2 is an easy to administer test where the only material required during the assessment is the Examiner Record Booklet (a recording device is recommended in the case of an examinee who produces rapid responses). The test itself only takes 25-35 minutes to administer, however if the examinee appears fatigued or to lose interest at any point, it is suggested that the test be extended into another session at a later date. It is also suggested that the examiner be thoroughly familiar with the manual and procedures, as well as having a good rapport with the examinee. The examiner would first fill out Section 1 of the Examiner Record Booklet with the examinees identifying information then begin the assessment with: Subtest 1: Immediate Memory which requires the examinee to repeat numbers, words, and sentences of increasing length and complexity after the examiner. Subtest 2: Temporal Orientation requires the examinee to answer questions relating to the concept of time. Subtest 3: Spatial Orientation requires the examinee to answer questions relating to the concept of locations or places. Subtest 4: General Information assesses the examinees ability to recall general information that is erceived as common knowledge. Subtest 5: Situational Knowledge requires the examinee to answer questions that involve problem-solving and reasoning. Subtext 6: Categorical Vocabulary assesses the examinees ability to list items in several categories as well as providing a name of a category per list of items. Subtest 7: Listening Comprehension requires the examinee to listen to the examiner read a short narrative paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. For each subtest the examiner would write each of the examinees responses in the space provided, ecord their score, and circle the corresponding diacritical response(s). The diacritical notations are used to record the examinees behavior and are as follows (complete definitions can be found in chapter two of the manual): e- error response p- perseveration r repetition of stimulus for completion of the task d- denial or refusal dl- delayed response c confabulation pc- partially correct or incomplete response i- irrelevant information contained in response t- tangential information provided with response sc- self-corrected response a reference box can be found at the end of each subtest for reference. Scoring For every subtest (except for part A of Subtest 6) each response is given a score of 3 when the response is correct, 2 when the response is partially correct, self- corrected, or correct but accompanied by irrelevant or tangential information, 1 when the response is an error, perseverated, or contabulated, or O when the response is denied or unintelligible, or no response is elicited. These scores are in conjunction with the diacritical notations so as to better describe the examinees performance. For Subtest 6 part A, the examiner should make a note of what strategies the xaminee employs and tally the number of correct objects named. For this part of Subtest 6 the rubric follows the same 3-0 scale, however the criteria is different. A score of 3 is given when all items are correct and the total tally of responses is 15 or more, 2 when all responses are self-corrected or the total tally of responses is 10-14, 1 when there are error responses, perseverations, or denials, or the total tally of responses is 9 or less, and O when the response is unintelligible or no response is elicited. The RIPA-G:2 produces three types of scores: raw scores, scaled scores, and ercentile ranks. The percentile rank can be converted to a corresponding severity rating that provides a general indication of the examinees performance in comparison to others. The raw score is calculated for each subtest by summing up all the item scores per that subtest. These scores are taken from all seven subtests and transcribed to Section 2 of the Examiner Record Booklet where they are then converted to scaled scores and percentile ranks via the age-based tables located in Appendixes A and B, respectively. The degree of severity can be interpreted using section 3 of the booklet. The Composite Index of Section 2 is derived by taking the total sum of the scaled scores and finding the corresponding terms using Appendix C in the manual. Section 4 of the Examiner Record Booklet is used to describe the examinees behavior. The total number of diacritical notations used within the subtests should be calculated and divided by total possible occurrences (these numbers are provided in Section 4) and rounded to the nearest whole number in order to portray the overall percentage of occurrence. Interpretation The results of this test should not be used to diagnose, however, they do give a ood idea as to a selection of long-term therapy goals. It helps to identify cognitive- linguistic deficits in the elderly population, in research that focuses on cognitive processing in the elderly population, as well as in the determination of the degree of severity of any cognitive-linguistic problems in those examinees who perform poorly on the test. By examining the subtests that are generated to assess organizational skills, temporal concepts, special concepts, memory, categorization, sequencing, general information, awareness of reality, semantic organization bases, word finding bilities, auditory sequential memory, receptive vocabulary, and processing speed, one can take the examinees results and facilitate small therapy tasks in accordance. Evaluation of Test Adequacy The RIPA-G:2 data was collected from 229 individuals, 106 of which were normally functioning and 123 who were diagnosed with a specified cognitive-linguistic impairment. Data was collected from ten different states, 54/46 female to male ratio, their ages ranged from 55-97 years with a predominantly white and economically stable demographic. Testing took place from the spring of 2008-the summer of 2010. There were a total of seven examiners selected based on their purchase of the RIPA- G within the previous two years. The data presented suggests t 2 is a highly reliable and valid measure of cognitive-linguistic processing in the geriatric population. The reliability is shown to be consistently high across all three types of reliability studied; content, time and scorer differences. Coefficient alphas, test-retest, and scorer difference methods were used. Of the 56 different alphas reported, 28 met or exceeded . 90, and 45 exceeded or met . 80. All information Processing Indexes exceeded or round to . 0 within the subgroups as well. The test-retest method took 32 individuals and had them take the test twice, the second time a week or more later. All but one of the mean standard scores, the standard deviations, and the correlation coefficients showed the relationships between the test sessions to round to or exceed . 80 which suggests reliability. Validity shows the RIPA-G:2 to be a highly effective and valid assessment tool via the data presented. The content-description validity involving the systematic examination of the test content to determining whether it covers a representative ample of the behavior domain to be measured is highly descriptive. The conventional and differential item functioning analyses fully supported the validity of the items. The criterion-prediction validity the effectiveness of a test in predicting an individuals performance in specified activities supported this tests validity by the results of two samples of adults who underwent selected criterion measure review and binary classification analysis pertaining to the tests sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value with positive correlations. Construct-identification validity is elated to the degree to which certain traits of a test can be identified and the extent to which these will reflect the assumption on which the test is based and results suggested that these traits be examined via differences among groups, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and item validity. The traits were all found to consistently underlying and thus further supports the conclusion that the RIPA-G:2 is a valid measure of cognitive-linguistic abilities. Summary I think that this test is easy to administer and understand. The context and anguage of the manual is easy to comprehend, however, the organization of the administrative instructions is not sequential and thus a little bit hard to locate at first. The manual specifies that one shouldnt stray from its specified scoring, but it leaves a lot of room for clinical Judgment as well. However, I like how one does not need the manual in the actual assessment, all one needs is the Examiner Record Booklet the manual is only necessary in the translation of scores. The results of the test are easy to comprehend, not only for an SLP but for caregivers as well. Overall, I would definitely use it.

Free Essays on Business Law Report - Contracts

Business Law Report - Contracts The following report is based upon the following scenario. Cooper offers to purchase Brant’s coin collection for $5,000, and Brian accepts Cooper’s offer. Assuming that their agreement has met all the requirements for a valid contract, analyze this contractual situation in regards to different positions that each party can assume. In the first situation that will be analyzed, the contract is written, Brant is a minor, and Cooper is an adult. Brant sold the coin collection to Cooper in exchange for $5,000. Brant then has a change of heart and wants to recover his coin collection from Cooper. The issue is whether or not Brant is allowed to do this while he was still a minor and what if Brant was a minor at the time of the sale, but did not decide that he wanted the coin collection back until a year after his eighteenth birthday. First we have to address the issue of the written contract. To address this issue you must consider if this rule falls under the Stature of Frauds. The Statute of Frauds stipulates which contracts need to be in written form to be enforceable. (West 270) One of the rules states that a contract for goods priced over $500 must be written. So, this contract is acceptable by law. (West 275) Next we can address the issue about Brant being a minor. In the first scenario, it states that Brant is a minor and that he wasn’t to stop the contract while he is still a minor. Since Brant is a minor, the contract can be disaffirmed at his option. (West 240) Brant must return what he received from Cooper in the contract which is $5,000 and Cooper must return the coins. Because of this, Brant cannot receive the coin collection back until he returns the money to Cooper. Lastly, there is the issue about Brant wanting the coin collection back after he reaches the age of majority. Current laws stipulate that minors have the opportunity of disaffirming a contract if it done... Free Essays on Business Law Report - Contracts Free Essays on Business Law Report - Contracts Business Law Report - Contracts The following report is based upon the following scenario. Cooper offers to purchase Brant’s coin collection for $5,000, and Brian accepts Cooper’s offer. Assuming that their agreement has met all the requirements for a valid contract, analyze this contractual situation in regards to different positions that each party can assume. In the first situation that will be analyzed, the contract is written, Brant is a minor, and Cooper is an adult. Brant sold the coin collection to Cooper in exchange for $5,000. Brant then has a change of heart and wants to recover his coin collection from Cooper. The issue is whether or not Brant is allowed to do this while he was still a minor and what if Brant was a minor at the time of the sale, but did not decide that he wanted the coin collection back until a year after his eighteenth birthday. First we have to address the issue of the written contract. To address this issue you must consider if this rule falls under the Stature of Frauds. The Statute of Frauds stipulates which contracts need to be in written form to be enforceable. (West 270) One of the rules states that a contract for goods priced over $500 must be written. So, this contract is acceptable by law. (West 275) Next we can address the issue about Brant being a minor. In the first scenario, it states that Brant is a minor and that he wasn’t to stop the contract while he is still a minor. Since Brant is a minor, the contract can be disaffirmed at his option. (West 240) Brant must return what he received from Cooper in the contract which is $5,000 and Cooper must return the coins. Because of this, Brant cannot receive the coin collection back until he returns the money to Cooper. Lastly, there is the issue about Brant wanting the coin collection back after he reaches the age of majority. Current laws stipulate that minors have the opportunity of disaffirming a contract if it done...

Human resource strategies for change management Essay

Human resource strategies for change management - Essay Example More specifically, the behaviour of the environment is being examined in order to identify the reasons of failure that the change management faced in this occasion. Griffiths reforms should be analyzed and evaluated in accordance with the necessity and the extension of change management initiatives as well as the general environment (political, economic, social, technological and legal) in which they are intended to operate. The change when occurring in a professional environment has to face a lot of difficulties and oppositions. The existence of ‘recognized’ and ‘well-established’ right of decisions of certain ‘groups’ or people is usually the reason for the hostility towards the attempts for change at their first appearance. That’s why the element of change management that should be a priority when introducing new strategies in a work environment is the creation of conditions of acceptance (Walker, 1994). If the current situation is ‘blocked’ and there will be no effort to create a climate of trust and positively thinking towards the proposed changes, then their application could be unachievable. In this context, the detailed diagnosis of the problem in accordance with the identification of the areas of dissatisfaction with the existing situation could help the change to be more desirable from the participants involved. In order to achieve an objective and appropriate diagnosis we could use the following two techniques: a) the assessment of the efficiency of the organization and b) the diagnosis of the organizational weaknesses and strengths (Grit, Dolfsma, 2002). In this particular situation, it seems that the proposed reforms although containing detailed and – in general terms – effective rules regarding the organizational restructuring, the major problem is the lack of sufficient research regarding the existing managerial structures so that the

This part of the exam requires some consideration of all concepts of Case Study

This part of the exam requires some consideration of all concepts of the Assess, Decide, - Case Study Example is likely to face is the practice by officers program officer to encourage officers not to drop out of the program for a time long enough to shift the blame to another department. This practice, although not illegal was unethical and Commander Allan Deveneux had to act on it, therefore, he had to assess the how rampant was the problem and the factors that contributed to it. The problem would be found to be loopholes in the system; therefore, a decision would have to be made on how those loopholes would be covered to avoid such incidents in future. After the finding the right way to seal those loopholes in the system, Commander Allan Deveneux would go ahead and implement the decision he found suitable. The final step would be to ensure that the problem of encouraging officers to hold in the program for a period long enough to shift the blame has stopped. The friction between chief Piersall and chief Cyphre caused by a recent firing and widespread command failures to make goals which left a lot of employees unsettled. While Piersall, who was the CMC, was deeply concerned about the morale of the staff and wanted to take some time to help the staff overcome the incident, Cyphre thought that they were just shaken up because they had been used to poor leadership and bad habits and when they resume their normal duties, they would feel better. In order to get to the real cause of the friction between the two senior staff members, assessing them on a personal basis would bear much fruits since they were insincere in their public apologies. In addition since master Piersall was not a career recruiter while master Cyphre was a career recruiter might have been part of the reason for the friction, Allan would have sought the perspectives of both which would have helped him determine whether it may have been a cause. Based on the information tha t he got from both parties Allan would then opt for a solution that would ensure that they work amicably. As the commanding officer,

The 1951 Refugee Convention

The 1951 Refugee Convention The 1951 Refugee Convention It is important to know that the UK is one of the signatories to the 1951 refugee convention therefore; when a person asks for asylum in the UK there are in fact asking the authorities to recognise them as a refugee under the 1951 UN refugee convention and they will qualify for protection under the refugee convention if they have a well founded fear of persecution or they may claim under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (or both), Article 3 of The European Convention on Human Rights stats that No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment It is important to consider that the UK has responsibility to provide them with accommodation and financial supports because UK is on one of the signatories to the 1951 refugee convention and European Convention on Human Rights. Now a day the majority of debates are against asylum seekers /refugees with some arguments in favour of them. First of all press and politicians are making a negative view on public opinion regarding asylum issue in the UK by inaccurate and offensive use of language to describe asylum seekers, People have little trust in the asylum system, believing it to be out of control, too generous to asylum seekers, and ineffective at removing refused asylum seekers.(Hobson, Cox, Sagovsky, 2008, P.17), When you listen to press or politicians you probably have the impression that the UK is invaded by asylum seekers (See image 1) Headline published in daily Express on 17 December 2002, they should use an accurate terminology when speaking about asylum seekers and immigration, The debate is not concerned with weather asylum is a problem, but how best to tackle it. (Brendon 2003) But the question is; Are asylum seekers really invaded the UK! There are many arguments against asylum seekers and refugees For example: Not genuine refugee, This argument is based on that the majority of asylum seekers are immigrant workers and they are here to steal our jobs but the truth is if they are skilful immigrant workers or unskilful, are likely to take jobs unwanted by the UK population and are willing to work without depending on welfare benefits then they will contribute positively to the UK economy as the UK desperately needs young and skilful workers. They are here for our benefits:Government research then shows that the foreign-born population contributes around ten per cent more to government revenues than they receive in benefits.1 Asylum seekers cannot able to claim welfare benefits and they only get financial support from the central government, most asylum seekers are living in poverty; Single asylum seekers in the UK have to survive on  £42.16 a week while couples without children receive  £66.13 a week. But when they get refugee status or leave to remain in the UK they can claim benefits and most of them are of working age with qualifications and skills. In the short term they might receive support, but in the longer term, most wish to find a job and do not want to live on the UK benefits. Those seeking asylum tend to be aged at least 20 years old, and hence are of working age the moment they start to interact with the welfare state. Contrast this to somebody born in the UK who will spend at least the first 18 years of their life scrounging off the state (in the form of a free education system and various financial child benefits) and it is clear that, over the course of a lifetime, it is much more likely that a successful asylum seeker will end up in credit with the welfare state than the life-long UK citizen. So the welfare argument fails.(Brendon (2003) Crime and Terrorism: It may be true that the crime figures are higher amongst asylum seekers but simple reason behind this is forbidden them to work, most asylum seekers are living in poverty, they get low level of support whilst claming asylum, they only need work permission to contribute positively to the UK economy as the UK desperately needs young workers. Too many foreigners: Some believe Britain is turning to a foreign land but the true is the UK is home to just 3.2% of nearly 9.2 million refugees world wide, in the other words what is wrong with people liking the UK even asylum seekers and refugees broaden and diversify our culture. Tighten the Rules Against Them: Some believe that the government should tighten the immigration rules in order to restrict the number being allowed into the UK, but the best way of reducing the number of asylum seekers in the long term is to reduce numbers of people forced to flee around the world by preventing and resolving conflict and promoting respect for human rights.

Mr S Ndzimba at Uj Essay

â€Å"Redemption Song† Analysis â€Å"Redemption Song,† a magnificently composed song by Bob Marley relates to oppression and deliverance of African slaves, who were brought from Africa to Jamaica. The general theme of this song is the beauty of the redemption of people after oppression. Support of this theme is found in Bob Marley’s connotation and tone. Connotation, the diction of words, is the most significant aspect of this song that supports the theme. Bob Marley’s terminology is responsible for creating a truly entrancing song. Bob initiates the song on a delicate level by describing the obliteration of the African people by slavery; â€Å"Oh pirates yes they rob I; / Sold I to the merchant ships, / Minutes after they took I / From the bottomless pit. (Marley 1-4). These very lines portray the appalling technique used to take Africans from their homeland to toil for others. The next line, â€Å"But my hand was made strong / By the hand of the Almighty. / We forward in this generation/ Triumphantly,† (Marley 5-8) illustrates the authority given to the slaves by God. Through His hand, the present generation has been capable of moving onward and prospering. The most eminent lines of the song, â€Å"Emancipate yourself from mental slavery / None but ourselves can free our minds† sustains thought that it is not the responsibility of the oppressors to free the oppressed; this assignment can only be completed by the oppressed themselves. Through the complete song, Bob Marley maintains an optimistic tone. He appears to believe that through all the pain and agony of slaves his generation will be able to formulate a difference. Evidence of this is found in the lines â€Å"We forward in the generation / Triumphantly† (Marley 3-4). This strictly means that descendents of Africans have been given an opportunity to right and improve the prospects their ancestors never had. Overall, â€Å"Redemption Song† is a incredibly stunning song that relates to not only African slaves but all others that have been oppressed. Bob Marley’s main purpose of this song is that, in the end, it is up to the oppressed to determine their freedom and destiny.

Biome Shifting

Global warming is a mostly natural process that has been going on for as long as Earth has existed. Global warming has many effects on the Earth such as rise in sea level, overall increased rise in the temperature of Earth, and even bizarre weather. However, the topic I will discuss today is how global warming causes climate changes and how this climate change affects our environment and our economic systems.Climate change occurs worldwide due to the growth of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere which then traps more heat coming from the sun than it would without these gases. This makes the Earth milder which then causes change in climates over the globe to change their patterns. Bimbo shifting is one main consequence of climate change and global warming. This has a broad economic impact as it alters our infrastructure and sources of goods.However, it also poses large amounts of environmental threat as there is becoming less biodiversity and habitats are shifting. This bimbo shifting affects our infrastructure in that many of the buildings we eave built up to today haven't been built to endure such a wide range of temperatures and as these bizarre temperatures continue to shift back and forth our infrastructure is deteriorating much faster than it would in stable weather. Considering this, the maintenance of these building will require much more funding as it will have to be done more often.This could cause economic problems as it could increase the need for higher taxes to do required maintenance on governmental buildings and public schools which reduces the amount of money being able to be circulating through everyday businesses. Bimbo shifting also affects the sources of many of our goods. On Canada's west coast there is a species of salmon that is increasingly economically valuable. However, this species is beginning to have reduced survival rates causing decreased population density and a decrease in the amount of fish being able to be sold as goods.This hi ts the economy as the fish were needed to provide food or work for many people in Canada. The climate change also affects some of the forests worldwide. In Alaska, a spruce beetle population has been able to grow dramatically over 20 years due to warmer weather. This then caused over 4 million acres of spruce trees in Alaska to be destroyed by the increased population of beetles. This shows how the climate change can destroy what could be used a resources in the future.With bimbo shifting causing increased temperatures in places that normally would be cooler, some species are having to slowly shift where they find their habitats. For example the long-spines sea urchin was previously only found as far south as southern New South Wales in Australia, but now, due to increasingly warm waters and changes in currents, these sea urchins have moved farther south. They have decimated kelp forests in this region causing the ecosystem to slowly deteriorate as it becomes more and more unbalance d.Climate change is expected to threaten one quarter or more of all species on land by 2050 passing even habitat loss as the biggest threat to life on land. Bimbo shifting is a huge problem for many species as they have evolved to live within certain areas under certain conditions and as these conditions change quickly, some species are unable to adapt quickly enough to survive. When one species food source can no longer survive, that species then is heartened as it must find another food source or it will not survive either.This then causes less biodiversity as species become threatened and eventually extinct. To address this worldwide problem of bimbo shifting, scientists are trying to decrease the amount of greenhouse gases that enter our ecosystem. They are collecting emissions data and trying to get the government to impose new laws and limits considering consumption of fossil fuels. Scientists are working with engineers to create new engines for cars that reduce the amount of fossil fuels required to power them or even eliminate the need for fossil fuels altogether.Solar panels and wind turbines are also being designed to harness energy from renewable sources instead of burning fossil fuels. The U. S. Has also steered away from using coal and has begun using natural gas to power the nation. This switch has significantly reduced carbon emissions over the past decade. Though many people probably think that the effects of global warming only go as far as environmental changes, there is really a ripple effect created by these changes that branches out and causes more and more problems. Global warming is directly related to environmental, social, political, and even more aspects of the world.All of the consequences prove how we, as people who rely on the Earth to survive, need to take better care of our home.