Employee Privacy Rights In The Workplace Essay - 1390 Words

The issue of privacy is a big concern in the workplace. With the expanding of new technology, many employees are concern about his or, her privacy in the workplace. Employees have the right to go to work knowing that his or, her employer will not invade their privacy. The rights to privacy in the workplace only provide limited protection for workers against monitoring and breach of confidentiality. The National Work Rights Institute states, under the federal law, the limited protection the Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 provides to employees has been reduced because the statue has been outdated. Electronic monitoring has seen a tremendous growth in the workplace, in the past 10 years. The National Work Rights Institute†¦show more content†¦So, employers are using a strategy, such as monitoring to ensure productivity in the workplace. According to the Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986, an employer can monitor their employee to ensure adequate job performance and supervise customer contacts. The most common form of an invasion, to employee privacy rights is email. With the massive use of computers, email has become the biggest communication tool of choice in the workplace. The concern of employers has grown tremendously with the use of email in the workplace. Employers concern is that, employees can waste time by sending and receiving email for personal use, and they may provide easy access for hackers to entry their computer system. Employers can monitor an employee computer activity to ensure productivity in the workplace. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (2006) states, Unfortunately, if an employee uses a company computer for email use, the employee employer has the right to review the contents of his or her email. Employers are discovering that employee emails and telephone uses are starting to have an impact on its business. Therefore, employers are trying to protect the companys investment, by monitoring employees email without being invasive. Employers can use, computer software, which gives the employer the ability to record how much time the employees spend on his or, her email account, without having to read the employees emailShow MoreRelatedEmployee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Employee privacy rights have been the topic of great debate in recent years. This essay will examine: the definition of privacy, employers rights to access activities done in the workplace, to whom the resources such as time and equipment belong, and employee monitoring as an invasion of privacy or a performance evaluation tool. These are the core issues of the employee privacy rights controversy. Employee privacy rights should only be applicable to the personalRead MoreAn Employee’S Right To Privacy In The Workplace Is An Increasingly1349 Words   |  6 PagesAn employee’s right to privacy in the workplace is an increasingly controversial legal topic, especially in an age of increased technology. These days, employers can virtually monitor all workplace communications made by employees using computers such as the Internet and company email. While the law generally allows this monitoring, some employee’s view it is a violation of their privacy. Other botherso me topics on an employee’s right to privacy in the workplace is employee drug or honesty testingRead MoreWarning: This Is a Rights-Free Workplace Essay example922 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle in this link: http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/workersrights.htm. Employee Rights in the Workplace The idea of employee rights involves many complex issues. 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Today’s employersRead MoreThe Importance Of Privacy On The Job Is Almost Nonexistent1583 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy in the work place is a sensitive topic and one that should be treated with care. As individuals, not only are we entitled to but also, we are guaranteed our right to privacy. We have a right to be left alone and the right to determine what and how information about us should be shared. However, in today’s, work, the concept of privacy on the job is almost nonexistent. Over the years, the gap between employee personal and professional live is shrinking. More and more companies are keepingRead MoreTechnologys Impact On Technology And The Use Of Technology1408 Words   |  6 Pagesconsiderable ethical repercussions which may even result in customers’ backlash. â€Å"The negativities may result from deceptive practices, privacy invasion, breaches of confidentiality through sharing of information.† (Foley, 2006) 1. 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Instead of identifying and addressing the underlying business and management problems, DS decided to treat the symptoms by turning to SciexPlan Inc. to help radically restructure the work environment through the use of em ployee monitoring technology. Background DS has justified its workRead MoreConstitutional Rights1444 Words   |  6 PagesConstitutional Rights Constitutional Rights are afforded to every American Citizen by the first ten amendments to the Constitution or more commonly known as The Bill of Rights. The fourth amendment of The Bill of Rights applies to all and states, the right of the people to be secure in their persons (para.4). When a person accepts a position anywhere, whether at a small family owned grocery store or a major corporation, one does so with the understanding that some inalienable rights will be given

The Sexuality Of Female Sexuality - 1974 Words

In modern societies, where all the former taboos on sex are abolished, one subject can still raise a wave of debates. People of almost all religious views and social orders are ready to accept and be tolerant to homosexual or bisexual people, but the issue over the female sexuality is still unsettled. The question how it differs from the male sexuality and why exactly the attitude to female sexuality is different compared to the male one is discussed by lots of psychologists, sociologists and philosophers. However, there is no coherent and competent explanation yet. â€Å"Sexuality is messy, passionate, unclear, tentative, anxiety-producing, liberating, frightening, embarrassing, consoling, appetitive, and cerebral† (Schwartz, 1994, p. 8),†¦show more content†¦She writes that â€Å"it is an established fact that the idea of female sexuality prevalent over the centuries is not something given in nature, or biologically true, but is only a â€Å"cultural constructionà ¢â‚¬  (Kar, 2015, p. 24). Kar considers that by being culturally constructed, it absorbed lots of means to disempower women, and the medical sciences together with literature is two most powerful tools of this cultural absorption. Cultural oppression and suppression constitute this process. According to Kar (2015), â€Å"within this system, female sexuality was believed to be essentially passive† (p. 24). People believed this because they were taught that biologically female sexual organs were devoted to serve only one function that is reproductive one. Sexual fulfillment was out of the question, a luxury that women could not afford. Women were considered to be less sexually desirous compared to men. They were obliged to seek fulfillment by following their â€Å"natural destiny†, namely to be a good wife and mother. This all formed the stereotype of ideal female sexuality that is close to â€Å"neutral† because women should be modest, passive and even passionle ss. Such norm of sexual behavior was deeply rooted in many cultures and societies around the globe. However, some people were adherent to this norm, while others became the aberrant. Some women claimed that they had as much of the right to speak about sex as men. At the same time, each society tried to calm those who

Sufficient Terminology Definition in Regards to Australian Contract L

Question: Consideration need not be adequate or commercially realistic. It merely needs to be sufficient Discuss what the term sufficient means in this context and whether the statement is accurate in regards to Australian contract law. Answer: Introduction: According to the law of contract, consideration is the price that is asked by the promisor in lieu of the promise. Therefore, consideration is the price paid for the promise. According to the common law, a promisee should give consideration for the promise made by the promisor for creating a legally enforceable agreement. As a result of this position, generally the parties are not able to enforce gratuitous promises although some exceptions are present in this regard. However in most of the cases, the parties cannot legally enforce gratuitous promises and it is necessary that some consideration should be provided by the promisee. In this way, consideration is the price asked before by the promisor in return of his or her promise. At this point it should also be noted that in this case, the term 'price' has been used in a broad sense. It is not necessary that price should include a monetary value. The only requirement is that the price should have some detriment which has to be suffered by the promisee. Therefore, this detriment can be the losing of a freedom by the promisee like a promise to quit smoking or to study on a Saturday night. At the same time, it is also not necessary that any tangible benefit should be received by the promisor.[1] An example in this regard can be given of the famous case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company[2] there in the opinion of the Court, it was considered a sufficient by the code that the plaintiff has suffered a detriment in the form of using the Smoke Ball of the company in accordance with the directions of the company and it is not material if the company has not a bene fit. In the same way, although it is required that consideration should be supplied by the promisee but the law does not require that it should move towards the promisor. For example in case the promisor (A) asks the promisee (B) to give some money to C in return of A's promise made to B. Therefore in such a case, the money given to C can act as a valid consideration. But if it is required by A (promisor) that the consideration should be provided by C in return of A's promise made to B, it cannot be treated as a valid consideration. The reason is that in this case, B has not suffered a detriment in the form of consideration. Then there are two or more promisees, the consideration moved from a single promisee is considered a sufficient for the promise. According to the law of contract, consideration can be in form of anything that the promisor has stipulated. Therefore the consideration has to be stipulated by the promisor and as long as it is legal, the consideration can be provided in any form. In such a case, it is not necessary that the consideration should be comparable to the value of the promise that has been made in return. The famous case of Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd[3] discusses in detail the issue related with the value of consideration. In this case, Lord Somervell mentioned that for creating a valid contract, even a 'peppercorn' can provide a valuable consideration if the promisor has stipulated that the peppercorn will be the consideration for the contract. However the issue of the adequacy of consideration can play an important role in some other aspects, especially when the court has to deal with the issue of duress or undue conduct as a result of which, the contract can be stated to be voidable. In Chappell v Nestle, Nestl Company issued an advertisement according to which the company promised to provide a music record to all the persons who send some money to the company along with 3 wrappers of the chocolate of the company. As a result, it has to be decided by the court if the wrappers of chocolate can be treated as a part of the consideration related with the contract for music records. It was mentioned by the code that the chocolate wrappers were indeed a part of consideration and it was not only a condition precedent. The court stated that the fact that the chocolate wrappers were a part of consideration was made clear by the offer made by the company according to which it was clearly stated that with the help of these wrappers, any person can get a smash hit record. However in order to refute this condition, Nestl claimed that no value can be attributed to the wrappers of chocolate. However, the court stated that this was not relevant and the famous statement was made by Lord Somervell when he said that "anything can be stipulated by a contracting party as consideration". In this way, even a peppercorn can be considered as good consideration. It also needs to be noted that the law does not require the consideration to be adequate and the only requirement is that it should not be illusionary. In this way, anything can be stipulated by the promisor has consideration. The only requirement prescribed by the law in this regard is that the consideration should not be against the law. But in this regard it is required that consideration should be in the form of something which can be edited some value by the law or the consideration should be present. The result of this proposition is that it is not possible to treat an illusionary undertaking has consideration. Another requirement prescribed by the law contracting this regard is that it should come into existence along with the promise or the consideration should arise soon after the making of the promise. Therefore if the stipulated consideration has been in existence even before making the promise that consideration is not treated as a good consideration. In this regard an ex ample can be given of the situation in which A promises to transfer a car to B a return of his assistance provided to A in the last month. But in this case, this assistance cannot be treated as the consideration for the contract because it is past consideration. In Roscorla v Thomas[4] this was the main issue before the court and it was stated that a promise does not become binding only because of the reason that the consideration for the promise related with the soundness of the horse was to create the original contract but it had taken place before the promise has been made. The facts of this case are that P purchase the horse from D and D promised the soundness of the horse. In fact, it was not sound and therefore D was sued by P on the ground of the breach of contract. However, the court gave the decision that consideration was not present for the promise made by D. The original contract that has been pointed out as the consideration was a past consideration because the contract preceded the promise of the defendant. As a result, the court stated that it was not a part of the bargain and not given against the promise. Therefore, the court came to the conclusion that consideration was not present in this case. But in this regard it needs to be noted that an exception is also present to the general rule that past consideration is not good consideration. This exception provides that even past consideration can also be good consideration if such consideration has been provided by the promisee on a request of the promisor and there was also an understanding between the parties that the act of the promisee will be remunerated and such promise was made prior to the act itself. If these conditions are fulfilled, even a past consideration is a good consideration. The law of contract also provides that performing an existing duty cannot be a good consideration for the creation of a contract. Therefore the statement that a consideration has to be sufficient but it is not required to be adequate means that while it is required by the law that consideration should be sufficient but it does not mean that the law also requires the consideration to be adequate. The only requirement in this regard is that there should be the possibility of certain value that is capable of being expressed in economic terms but the law does not require that such value should be adequate too. In this way, the gratuitous promise is not enforceable by the law. Similarly, natural love and affection is not treated as sufficient consideration. The result of this position of law is that the courts do not go into the question of the adequacy of consideration. This means that the courts are not concerned with the question if a party has received sufficient consideration in return of the promise made by such party.[5] Therefore even if an offer is made by A to sell his house for $1 only, still the consider ation is valid. However if A offers to sell his house for free, there is no consideration present and therefore any agreement made between the parties is not enforceable by the law. For example in Thomas v Thomas[6], the rent promised to be paid was 1 pound per annum but the court did not go into the issue of the adequacy of the consideration. This rule has also been firmly established after the decision given by the court in Chappell v Nestl Co Ltd.[7] At the same time, the parties are also free to stipulate anything as the consideration for their contract. The courts will not interfere in the choice that has been made by the parties in this regard only on the ground that in a particular case it appears that a party has made a bad bargain. The ground on which the decision of the court in Chappell was based probably was the requirement according to which people had to send worthless chocolate wrappers would also have made the people to buy these chocolates. Conclusion At the end of the present discussion, it can be said that the above-mentioned position summarizes the points of law and also the arguments that are given in the favor of the statement according to which consideration needs to be sufficient but it is not required that it should also be adequate. Similarly, while it is required that at the time of considering the 'value' of the consideration stipulated by the parties, the courts do not deal with the issue of the adequacy of consideration and they are not bothered with the fact if a party to the contract has received a fair price or not. The only concern for the courts in such cases is to see if the party has paid the consideration under the contract and such consideration should be capable of being expressed in terms of monetary value.[8] The result of this provision of law is that intangible things like the lack of boredom or emotions are not treated as the consideration to which some value can be attributed. Therefore, the only requi rement is that the consideration should be of such a nature that has some monetary value for the parties. References Paterson, Robertson Duke, Principles of Contract Law (Lawbook Co, 3rd ed, 2009) Case Law Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Thomas v Thomas, 1842 2 QB 851 White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 [1] Paterson, Robertson Duke, Principles of Contract Law (Lawbook Co, 3rd ed, 2009) [2] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 [3] Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 [4] Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234 [5] White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 [6] Thomas v Thomas, 1842 2 QB 851 [7] Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 [8] Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58

Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care Essay Example

Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care Essay This paper will critically examine the care needs and management of Mr Braun. An appropriate framework will be used, namely the ABCDE. Alternative treatment will be analysed using the 5 WHs critical decision making too (Jasper, 2006)l. His care will be based upon the nursing process ensuring that patient outcomes are agreed, implemented and evaluated. The assessment framework to be used is this assessment is the ABCDE assessment framework. The ABCDE framework looks at Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure/Elimination. The reason for choosing this framework is that it uses a systematic method of assessing, it aids with elimination of post op complications. In addition, it is a commonly accepted framework which is widely used and can be used in critical care situations, pre post-operative care and emergency situations. Furthermore, it allows the nurse to use her skills in accessing the patient’s needs. The disadvantages of the framework are that it is a medical model in the sense that it looks specifically at the biological aspects of care and lumps emotional/psychological/cultural/social care under the exposure/elimination catergory. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore it does not promote exploring these issues in great detail (Younker, 2008 Hargan 2012) Cancer Physiology Bowel cancer normally starts in the rectum or sigmoid colon. It starts as adematous polyps and then progresses to adematous carcinomas. It spreads by direct extension via the bowel circumference, submucousa and outer bowel wall layers. It can also spread to other areas by direct extension, for example, to the liver, pancreas and spleen. Metastasis is normally by way of the surround lymphnodes. Primary cancerous cells can also travel into the lymphatic and circulatory system causing secondary cancer in other organs such as liver and pancreas (LeMone Burke, 2003). Mr Braun is undergoing an operation for his sigmoid colon cancer. One route to take would be the traditional method. This consists of open bowel surgery. This entails making a large opening. A bowel prep is given prior to surgery, there is a longer starvation process, which can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Furthermore, it causes stress on the body, insulin resistance in the body is longer and the recovery period is longer. In addition it causes longer paralytic ileus (Siddiqui et al. , 2012). The alternative treatment to the traditional method would be the laparoscopic method. Mr Braun would have a smaller incision, therefore making a quicker recovery. He would be in less pain and would be able to mobilise quicker. He would have a quicker return of GI function and a lesser period of paralytic ileus. He would be able to deep breath better as he would not be experiencing a lot of pain, therefore he would be at less risk of contracting a chest infection. This would all work towards him having an earlier discharge, for example, 3-5 days post op compared to anywhere between 8-12 days on the traditional method. Research has also shown that community rehabilitation is much quicker, 2-3 weeks rather than 6-8 weeks on the traditional method (Jenson 2011). Further research shows that patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery have fewer complications post discharge (Hargan 2012). It appears then the laparoscopic route has better outcomes for the patient and in addition, the NHS. Being able to discharge a patient between 3-5 days who experience fewer complications post operatively not only frees up beds but costs less to treat the patient. Therefore, after weighing up the pros and the cons of both the traditional and the laparscopic it would seem that Mr Braun would be better off having the laparoscopic route. It appears from research that the lapascopic route is the route which is used in almost 90% of colorectal surgery. However, the route that is taken ultimately depends on the surgeon’s choice. Prior to collecting the patient from the recovery room Before collecting Mr Braun from the recovery room I will need to check the bed area. This includes checking that the oxygen is working. I will need to ensure that there is a nasal tube and a venturi mask. I will also need to check the suction is working and ensure that a new tube is present by the bedside. I will also need to make there is a yonker. I will put a dynamap beside the bed which will allow me to take Mr Braun’s clinical observations on return to the ward. I will also ensure that a drip stand is next to the bed as he may be on fluids or have a PCA on his return to the ward (Nicol et al. 2012). Collecting the patient from the recovery room On collecting the patient from recovery, I will take with me a kidney bowel in case the patient needs to be sick on his return journey, a pair of gloves, a oropharyngeal (geudel) airway in case his airway becomes compromised in anyway and a pocket mask for mouth to mouth. My first priority is to ensure that Mr Braun is safe to return to the ward. I will check his level of consciousness using the AVPU tool. This tool looks at whether he is Alert, whether he responds to Voice or whether he only responds to Pain and whether he is Unconscious. I will then take a handover from the recovery nurse. This should include informing me of the procedure Mr Braun has had, how well he has responded to the surgery and his current responsiveness/consciousness level. I would need to check with the recovery nurse whether his vital signs are within the normal range. This is for patient safety which is paramount and is at the centre of nursing care. This would need to be checked against the Early Warning Score (EWS) system which includes level of consciousness, the physiological parameters, for example, temperature, blood pressure, Oxygen saturation (SATS), respiratory rate, pulse and urine output. The EWS gives an overall score which informs me whether or not it is safe to take Mr Braun back to the ward. The recovery nurse would also inform me which medications he has had, information regarding IV fluids, how long they should run for and whether more are needed when it finishes and check they are written up on the drug chart. In addition, I would need to see the wound bed. This would help with later assessment on the ward where I would be able to compare whether there has been any further bleeding or leakage. I would need to see the stoma site. The recovery nurse would inform me whether Mr Braun had a urinary catheter and whether there had been any urine output. After handover I would say hello to the patient and manually take his pulse so that I can get an indication of his heart rate (Nicol et al. 2012). On the ward On returning to the ward I will orientate the patient. I will inform him of every procedure that I do so that I can gain informed consent (NMC 2012). I will immediately carry out a set of clinical observations. This is so I can make a comparison with his perioperative baseline. Although doing the clinical observations with the dynamap, I will manually take his pulse as it is vital that I know whether it is regular/irregular, strong or weak. ABCDE Assessment Airway The best way to check the airway is to speak to ask the patient and get him to respond to you. If he is able to talk in normally, this will be indicative of his airway being patent. I would need to listen to whether there are any sounds, like barking or gurgling as this could indicate that there is partial obstruction. I would also need to check whether Mr Braun is experiencing any nausea or vomiting. If Mr Braun is experiencing this I would need to immediately administer an anti-emetic as per drug chart instruction. This would help prevent the risk of pulmonary aspiration. I would also need to check whether Mr Braun has any allergies. I would ensure that he is wearing two red wrist bands with the allergies clearly written on them so that other staff members are aware. His allergies would be documented in his nursing notes and on his drug chart with information on what sort of reaction he experiences. Assessing whether Mr Braun has any allergies is extremely important as allergic reactions can cause swelling of the tongue and in the throat which would compromise his airway and leave him with difficulties breathing (Resuscitation Council UK, 2012). Breathing I would now assess breathing by checking Mr Braun’s respiratory rate (RR). The normal range is between 12-20 breaths per minute. In PAC, his RR was slightly raised. This could have been due to anxiety but was more than likely due to his anaemia (this will be looked at further under circulation). I will be able to gain a comparison and start looking for a trend. It is important that the RR is counted for a full minute. His breathing may be irregular and therefore not counting the full minute would give an inaccurate measurement. I would also check Mr Braun’s SATS. The normal range should be 95%. Checking his SATS will inform me whether he is getting enough oxygen and whether his tissues are being perfused adequately. Lack of oxygen can cause hypoxia which if not managed will lead to multiple organ dysfunction and ultimately death. I will also therefor check for cyanosis as this will also inform me whether he is lacking oxygen. It is important to look at how Mr Braun is breathing. For example, is he struggling to breath, is he breathing deeply or is it shallow. Does he have to use his accessory muscles to help him breath. I would check whether his chest is rising equally on both sides. I would also speak as him a question to ascertain whether he is able to speak in full sentences because someone who is struggling to breathe is unable to speak in full sentences. I would look at whether he is breathing fast or slow. Furthermore, I would look at how he is sitting, for example, is he leaning to one side. Also when you are assessing breathing it is important to listen for any wheeze or stridor. RR is one of the first things to alter when a patient is deteriorating. It is vital that if Mr Braun is experiencing any of the above, the nurse responds quickly. The first thing would be to check whether he is written up for any more oxygen and if so to increase it. The nurse would then have to check in RR and SATS again after 15 minutes to ascertain whether there was any improvement or further deterioration even. If the patient was deteriorating further the nurse would need to involve the doctor who would be able to review Mr Braun immediately and give further instructions on his care (Queen Mary University City University, 2006). Circulation An assessment of Mr Braun’s pulse needs to be undertaken. This will allow the nurse to ascertain his heart rate. In addition, it would allow me to feel whether his pulse is strong or weak and whether it is regular or irregular. The normal resting pulse should be between 60-80 beats per minute (bpm). In the PAC, Mr Braun was slightly tachycardic, which could be due to anxiety of his diagnosis, hearing about the treatment he would receive or his prognosis. By taking his pulse it will allow for a baseline, pre-operative and peri-operative comparison. His blood pressure (BP) would also be assessed. The normal ranges are 90/60-140/90. Mr Braun’s BP in PAC was 135/80. Although this is still within the normal range, it is slightly high. However, this would be an appropriate BP given his age. It is vital that clinical observations are carried out every 15 minutes for the first two hours post-op as there is a higher risk of complications occurring and clinical signs are the physiological parameters which tell you whether a patient is deteriorating or improving. For example, if a patient is tachycardic and hypotensive this could be indicative of hypovolaemic shock which would need to be managed immediately as this can lead to potential death. It is vital when taking clinical observations that the nurse is aware that she should not only rely on the measurements. This is because a patient can be in hypovolaemic shock and still have a normal BP. This is because in hypovolaemic shock, the compensatory mechanisms take over and the body will do everything it can to keep the BP at normal level. Therefore, it is vital that the nurse also observes what the patient looks like, for example, does he look palor, he is sweaty or clammy. These are all important factors when carry out clinical observations. When a patient undergoes surgery he has enforced reduced mobility. Mr Braun will be in bed for a while and due to these factors is therefore at risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which is one of the highest cause of PE leading to hospital deaths. The nurse should check whether he still has his TED stockings on and check that they are not rolled down or creased as this may prevent them from achieving good prophylaxis. Furthermore it could compromise his skin integrity. Mr Braun will probably also be prescribed oral or subcutaneous anticoagulants as a further prevention of DVT. Mr Braun’s Hb levels should be checked to ensure that his anaemia is improving. If Mr Braun was assessed in PAC as having met the criteria, which is expected to make a good recovery, for the ERP, his anaemia would have been dealt with prior to him being admitted. He would have been assessed for any co-morbidities and his GP would have been involved to treat his anaemia. If his anaemia had not been treated, prior to his admission, it is likely that Mr Braun would have undergone a blood transfusion during surgery. This would mean that he would have a cannula in situ which would need to be assessed to check for phlebitis. This would need to be documented on the VIP chart (Hargan 2012). The cannula needs to be checked to ascertain whether it is patent. The date of insertion should also be noted on the VIP chart as it is not allowed to stay in for longer than 72 hours. Mr Braun will also have a catheter in situ. Therefore it is important to check for urine output. Mr Braun should have a urine output of 0. 5ml/kg/hr, in other words half his body weight per hour. Therefore if Mr Braun weighs 80kg, he should have a urine output of 40mls per hour. If going through the traditional method, Mr Braun would have to have a low residue diet approx. 2 days prior to the operation. He would only be allowed clear fluids approximately 12-18 hours before surgery and would then be starved from the midnight before the day of surgery to prevent aspiration. Research has shown that prolonged starvation causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. It causes the body to experience insulin resistance for longer and cause the body more stress (Burch Slater 2012). In contrast, he would have been given carbohydrate loading prior to surgery in the form of iso-osmolarity which 90% passes through the stomach within 90 minutes therefore he would have been able to have it one and a half hours prior to surgery. This would cause less insulin resistance and put his body through less stress. He would be able to come off any IV fluids as he would be encourage to eat and drink at will post operatively.