The 1951 Refugee Convention

The 1951 Refugee Convention The 1951 Refugee Convention It is important to know that the UK is one of the signatories to the 1951 refugee convention therefore; when a person asks for asylum in the UK there are in fact asking the authorities to recognise them as a refugee under the 1951 UN refugee convention and they will qualify for protection under the refugee convention if they have a well founded fear of persecution or they may claim under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (or both), Article 3 of The European Convention on Human Rights stats that No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment It is important to consider that the UK has responsibility to provide them with accommodation and financial supports because UK is on one of the signatories to the 1951 refugee convention and European Convention on Human Rights. Now a day the majority of debates are against asylum seekers /refugees with some arguments in favour of them. First of all press and politicians are making a negative view on public opinion regarding asylum issue in the UK by inaccurate and offensive use of language to describe asylum seekers, People have little trust in the asylum system, believing it to be out of control, too generous to asylum seekers, and ineffective at removing refused asylum seekers.(Hobson, Cox, Sagovsky, 2008, P.17), When you listen to press or politicians you probably have the impression that the UK is invaded by asylum seekers (See image 1) Headline published in daily Express on 17 December 2002, they should use an accurate terminology when speaking about asylum seekers and immigration, The debate is not concerned with weather asylum is a problem, but how best to tackle it. (Brendon 2003) But the question is; Are asylum seekers really invaded the UK! There are many arguments against asylum seekers and refugees For example: Not genuine refugee, This argument is based on that the majority of asylum seekers are immigrant workers and they are here to steal our jobs but the truth is if they are skilful immigrant workers or unskilful, are likely to take jobs unwanted by the UK population and are willing to work without depending on welfare benefits then they will contribute positively to the UK economy as the UK desperately needs young and skilful workers. They are here for our benefits:Government research then shows that the foreign-born population contributes around ten per cent more to government revenues than they receive in benefits.1 Asylum seekers cannot able to claim welfare benefits and they only get financial support from the central government, most asylum seekers are living in poverty; Single asylum seekers in the UK have to survive on  £42.16 a week while couples without children receive  £66.13 a week. But when they get refugee status or leave to remain in the UK they can claim benefits and most of them are of working age with qualifications and skills. In the short term they might receive support, but in the longer term, most wish to find a job and do not want to live on the UK benefits. Those seeking asylum tend to be aged at least 20 years old, and hence are of working age the moment they start to interact with the welfare state. Contrast this to somebody born in the UK who will spend at least the first 18 years of their life scrounging off the state (in the form of a free education system and various financial child benefits) and it is clear that, over the course of a lifetime, it is much more likely that a successful asylum seeker will end up in credit with the welfare state than the life-long UK citizen. So the welfare argument fails.(Brendon (2003) Crime and Terrorism: It may be true that the crime figures are higher amongst asylum seekers but simple reason behind this is forbidden them to work, most asylum seekers are living in poverty, they get low level of support whilst claming asylum, they only need work permission to contribute positively to the UK economy as the UK desperately needs young workers. Too many foreigners: Some believe Britain is turning to a foreign land but the true is the UK is home to just 3.2% of nearly 9.2 million refugees world wide, in the other words what is wrong with people liking the UK even asylum seekers and refugees broaden and diversify our culture. Tighten the Rules Against Them: Some believe that the government should tighten the immigration rules in order to restrict the number being allowed into the UK, but the best way of reducing the number of asylum seekers in the long term is to reduce numbers of people forced to flee around the world by preventing and resolving conflict and promoting respect for human rights.

Mr S Ndzimba at Uj Essay

â€Å"Redemption Song† Analysis â€Å"Redemption Song,† a magnificently composed song by Bob Marley relates to oppression and deliverance of African slaves, who were brought from Africa to Jamaica. The general theme of this song is the beauty of the redemption of people after oppression. Support of this theme is found in Bob Marley’s connotation and tone. Connotation, the diction of words, is the most significant aspect of this song that supports the theme. Bob Marley’s terminology is responsible for creating a truly entrancing song. Bob initiates the song on a delicate level by describing the obliteration of the African people by slavery; â€Å"Oh pirates yes they rob I; / Sold I to the merchant ships, / Minutes after they took I / From the bottomless pit. (Marley 1-4). These very lines portray the appalling technique used to take Africans from their homeland to toil for others. The next line, â€Å"But my hand was made strong / By the hand of the Almighty. / We forward in this generation/ Triumphantly,† (Marley 5-8) illustrates the authority given to the slaves by God. Through His hand, the present generation has been capable of moving onward and prospering. The most eminent lines of the song, â€Å"Emancipate yourself from mental slavery / None but ourselves can free our minds† sustains thought that it is not the responsibility of the oppressors to free the oppressed; this assignment can only be completed by the oppressed themselves. Through the complete song, Bob Marley maintains an optimistic tone. He appears to believe that through all the pain and agony of slaves his generation will be able to formulate a difference. Evidence of this is found in the lines â€Å"We forward in the generation / Triumphantly† (Marley 3-4). This strictly means that descendents of Africans have been given an opportunity to right and improve the prospects their ancestors never had. Overall, â€Å"Redemption Song† is a incredibly stunning song that relates to not only African slaves but all others that have been oppressed. Bob Marley’s main purpose of this song is that, in the end, it is up to the oppressed to determine their freedom and destiny.

Biome Shifting

Global warming is a mostly natural process that has been going on for as long as Earth has existed. Global warming has many effects on the Earth such as rise in sea level, overall increased rise in the temperature of Earth, and even bizarre weather. However, the topic I will discuss today is how global warming causes climate changes and how this climate change affects our environment and our economic systems.Climate change occurs worldwide due to the growth of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere which then traps more heat coming from the sun than it would without these gases. This makes the Earth milder which then causes change in climates over the globe to change their patterns. Bimbo shifting is one main consequence of climate change and global warming. This has a broad economic impact as it alters our infrastructure and sources of goods.However, it also poses large amounts of environmental threat as there is becoming less biodiversity and habitats are shifting. This bimbo shifting affects our infrastructure in that many of the buildings we eave built up to today haven't been built to endure such a wide range of temperatures and as these bizarre temperatures continue to shift back and forth our infrastructure is deteriorating much faster than it would in stable weather. Considering this, the maintenance of these building will require much more funding as it will have to be done more often.This could cause economic problems as it could increase the need for higher taxes to do required maintenance on governmental buildings and public schools which reduces the amount of money being able to be circulating through everyday businesses. Bimbo shifting also affects the sources of many of our goods. On Canada's west coast there is a species of salmon that is increasingly economically valuable. However, this species is beginning to have reduced survival rates causing decreased population density and a decrease in the amount of fish being able to be sold as goods.This hi ts the economy as the fish were needed to provide food or work for many people in Canada. The climate change also affects some of the forests worldwide. In Alaska, a spruce beetle population has been able to grow dramatically over 20 years due to warmer weather. This then caused over 4 million acres of spruce trees in Alaska to be destroyed by the increased population of beetles. This shows how the climate change can destroy what could be used a resources in the future.With bimbo shifting causing increased temperatures in places that normally would be cooler, some species are having to slowly shift where they find their habitats. For example the long-spines sea urchin was previously only found as far south as southern New South Wales in Australia, but now, due to increasingly warm waters and changes in currents, these sea urchins have moved farther south. They have decimated kelp forests in this region causing the ecosystem to slowly deteriorate as it becomes more and more unbalance d.Climate change is expected to threaten one quarter or more of all species on land by 2050 passing even habitat loss as the biggest threat to life on land. Bimbo shifting is a huge problem for many species as they have evolved to live within certain areas under certain conditions and as these conditions change quickly, some species are unable to adapt quickly enough to survive. When one species food source can no longer survive, that species then is heartened as it must find another food source or it will not survive either.This then causes less biodiversity as species become threatened and eventually extinct. To address this worldwide problem of bimbo shifting, scientists are trying to decrease the amount of greenhouse gases that enter our ecosystem. They are collecting emissions data and trying to get the government to impose new laws and limits considering consumption of fossil fuels. Scientists are working with engineers to create new engines for cars that reduce the amount of fossil fuels required to power them or even eliminate the need for fossil fuels altogether.Solar panels and wind turbines are also being designed to harness energy from renewable sources instead of burning fossil fuels. The U. S. Has also steered away from using coal and has begun using natural gas to power the nation. This switch has significantly reduced carbon emissions over the past decade. Though many people probably think that the effects of global warming only go as far as environmental changes, there is really a ripple effect created by these changes that branches out and causes more and more problems. Global warming is directly related to environmental, social, political, and even more aspects of the world.All of the consequences prove how we, as people who rely on the Earth to survive, need to take better care of our home.

The Role of Media in the Society Essay - 1050 Words

The Role of Media in the Society Media has always played a huge role in our society. For a long time media was one of the methods of controlling people and leisure. In ancient times when there was no newspapers and television, people used literature as source of information, some books like the Iliad, and different stories about great kings, shows those people the information about them. Nowadays media is one of the main part of our lives and our society, because we use word media, to combine all sources of information. Average man is spending 4 hours a day on watching TV and reading newspapers. Therere a lot of different types of information sources, all of them are specific and dedicated for†¦show more content†¦There are two types of newspapers - Broadsheets and Tabloids. Broadsheet newspapers are targeted at those who like more realistic approaches to news. Their articles focus more on including political and foreign items. However their publication is less popular than the tabloids. Tabloid newspape rs are aimed at people who are just expecting amusement from newspaper. Although they do cover some news, they tend to contain more gossip, personality issues, shorter articles and more pictures than text. Moreover they often refuse and neglect the idea of publishing political and foreign news. Also the newspapers are mostly bias in their view on what happened. For example in our country 90 percent of newspapers are belong to government or to some rich people who still depends on government, so most of them are writing those things that are good for government. As for me I like broadsheets more because there are only useful facts and no silly stories and pictures. In such country like Kazakhstan where, like I said before most of the media are controlling by the government, we need to spend our time and to read a lot of different newspapers so we can get full information from different points of view, I like newspapers which are belong to opposition parties. Internet: Also known as the World Wide Web (WWW), it contains of a web of computers working together and connecting to eachShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Media in the Society9486 Words   |  38 PagesHomework be abolished?[-2] | Ethical issues is not a part of science[-3] | the role of media in our society[-4] | Should students be sent to school in summers?[-5] | Waste management-Need Of The Hour[-6] | Price Rise[-7] | Do you think that computer has become a part of our life?[-8] | Go to page: 1 2[-9] 3[-10] 4[-11] 5[-12] 6[-13] 7[-14] 8[-15] 9[-16] 10[-17] 11[-18] | Role of media in the society||| Today television channels and newspapers are making fast money by cashingRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Its Effects On Society778 Words   |  4 Pagesreliant on society satisfying their roles in order to continue their old-style family structure/ education system. Associations between institutions on how non-media social structures (government/economy) affect media industry and vice versa. Relationships inside organizations on how structure of media industry effect media personnel and circuitously media products and vice versa. Relationships among organizations and the public on how does mass media influence the readers (audience) of media messagesRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Its Effects On Society1648 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many types of media that are constantly being shown in this time of era, such as, films, documentaries, music videos, and advertisements. The public tends to attach themselves to films and music videos when there are controversial ideas that rise fro m these forms of media and advertisements sometimes receive the attention but after time passes on we forget them. Aunt Jemima is a famous individual who has been through many changed over time, which at first, she looked like a terrifying AfricanRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Its Effect On Society1440 Words   |  6 Pages The Role of Media â€Å"Media is the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet) regarded as collectively† (The Oxford Dictionary). It brings information readily; thus, play a significant role in our society. â€Å"Although vital arteries of information, these media have built-in biases that distort the facts† (Lewis, 2007, p.267). Media is affected by many factors that influence the nature of the information received. 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The role of me dia, the bias it brings, and its use with politicians’ themselves all are key in fullyRead MoreThe Media And Society Influence On Gender Roles1116 Words   |  5 Pagesterms of the social world in which you live. The media and societies influence on gender roles Introduction Gender stereotypes are everywhere. ‘Both masculinities and femininities come into existence at specific times and places and are always subject to change.’ (Connell, 1995: 185 cited in Wharton, 2012: 6). The term gender is a ‘doing’ word. It is a constant, active process. A role, is the expected behaviour which is associated with a status. Roles are performed according to social norms, sharedRead MoreThe Role Of Algorithmic Media On Audiences And Society1596 Words   |  7 Pages Algorithmic media have a kind of power, however this power largely remains invisible to the audience or user who instead interact with the information that the algorithm sorts and delivers. Instead where this power manifests and consolidates is on platforms that draw the attention of audiences and revolve around the role played by algorithms. Using institutional theory, automodernity, and the concept of algorithmic publics, we can start to map out a growing and potential field of research that attemptsRead MoreEssay Roles of Mass Media in Society973 Words   |  4 PagesRoles of Mass Media in Society Term of mass media or press has been used since around ten decades ago. At early age, type of mass media that society knows was only printed mass media such as newspaper, flyer, or brochure, but as the century goes by, other type of mass media, such as television, radio and internet, began to appear. In a society, mass media has many functions, due to its capability; mass media could bring not only positive effects but also negative effects to society. Nevertheless

Employee Privacy Rights In The Workplace Essay - 1390 Words

The issue of privacy is a big concern in the workplace. With the expanding of new technology, many employees are concern about his or, her privacy in the workplace. Employees have the right to go to work knowing that his or, her employer will not invade their privacy. The rights to privacy in the workplace only provide limited protection for workers against monitoring and breach of confidentiality. The National Work Rights Institute states, under the federal law, the limited protection the Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 provides to employees has been reduced because the statue has been outdated. Electronic monitoring has seen a tremendous growth in the workplace, in the past 10 years. The National Work Rights Institute†¦show more content†¦So, employers are using a strategy, such as monitoring to ensure productivity in the workplace. According to the Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986, an employer can monitor their employee to ensure adequate job performance and supervise customer contacts. The most common form of an invasion, to employee privacy rights is email. With the massive use of computers, email has become the biggest communication tool of choice in the workplace. The concern of employers has grown tremendously with the use of email in the workplace. Employers concern is that, employees can waste time by sending and receiving email for personal use, and they may provide easy access for hackers to entry their computer system. Employers can monitor an employee computer activity to ensure productivity in the workplace. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (2006) states, Unfortunately, if an employee uses a company computer for email use, the employee employer has the right to review the contents of his or her email. Employers are discovering that employee emails and telephone uses are starting to have an impact on its business. Therefore, employers are trying to protect the companys investment, by monitoring employees email without being invasive. Employers can use, computer software, which gives the employer the ability to record how much time the employees spend on his or, her email account, without having to read the employees emailShow MoreRelatedEmployee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Employee privacy rights have been the topic of great debate in recent years. This essay will examine: the definition of privacy, employers rights to access activities done in the workplace, to whom the resources such as time and equipment belong, and employee monitoring as an invasion of privacy or a performance evaluation tool. These are the core issues of the employee privacy rights controversy. Employee privacy rights should only be applicable to the personalRead MoreAn Employee’S Right To Privacy In The Workplace Is An Increasingly1349 Words   |  6 PagesAn employee’s right to privacy in the workplace is an increasingly controversial legal topic, especially in an age of increased technology. These days, employers can virtually monitor all workplace communications made by employees using computers such as the Internet and company email. While the law generally allows this monitoring, some employee’s view it is a violation of their privacy. Other botherso me topics on an employee’s right to privacy in the workplace is employee drug or honesty testingRead MoreWarning: This Is a Rights-Free Workplace Essay example922 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle in this link: http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/workersrights.htm. Employee Rights in the Workplace The idea of employee rights involves many complex issues. An employee’s right to a workplace free of discrimination and harmful environmental factors is obvious. Yet, other issues surrounding privacy, personal expression, and communication monitoring are not as clear-cut. While employees may feel that they have the right to express their opinions and use business communications while workingRead MoreThe Rights and Ethics of Employees with Respect to Privacy at Work788 Words   |  4 PagesEl-Achmar The Rights and Ethics of Employees with Respect to Privacy at Work Widespread use of electronic communications media such as e-mail and information resources such as the Internet has prompted many employers to engage in electronic surveillance of their employees. Employers are monitoring—and even recording—employees’ personal phone calls, e-mails, and workplace conversations. Video cameras are trained on employee parking lots, break areas, and other parts of th e workplace. Today’s employersRead MoreThe Importance Of Privacy On The Job Is Almost Nonexistent1583 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy in the work place is a sensitive topic and one that should be treated with care. As individuals, not only are we entitled to but also, we are guaranteed our right to privacy. We have a right to be left alone and the right to determine what and how information about us should be shared. However, in today’s, work, the concept of privacy on the job is almost nonexistent. Over the years, the gap between employee personal and professional live is shrinking. More and more companies are keepingRead MoreTechnologys Impact On Technology And The Use Of Technology1408 Words   |  6 Pagesconsiderable ethical repercussions which may even result in customers’ backlash. â€Å"The negativities may result from deceptive practices, privacy invasion, breaches of confidentiality through sharing of information.† (Foley, 2006) 1. Organizational personal viewpoints regarding issues of privacy and the exchange of information: Organizations provide that privacy is a high-profile public policy issue which affects various stakeholders such as consumers and marketers. Organizations customarily haveRead MoreEmployee Handbook Privacy Section1397 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Employee Privacy Rights This section of the employee handbook is provided as a guideline for employees to understand the company policy and procedures regarding privacy in the workplace. While this section cannot address every possible scenario that may occur, the general policy will serve as a basis of understanding the key workplace issues and employee privacy. This section addresses privacy issues related to personal background information, off-work activities, and the corporateRead MoreEmployee Rights And Employer Responsibilities1343 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Employee rights and employer responsibilities are both legal and ethical when it comes to the workplace. Most adults spend the majority of their waking hours at work, which often serves as a primary source of purpose, belongingness, and identity (Michaelson, 2014, p.1). Employers and employees have both rights and responsibilities to one another. These rights and responsibilities relate to health and safety, equal opportunities, privacy, and job security. Not all rights an employee feelsRead MoreThe Case of the Omniscient Organization1207 Words   |  5 Pagesof business woes. It was not keeping pace with its competition, employee turnover had increased substantially, health costs and work-related accidents were rising, and employee theft was at an all-time high. 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The Sexuality Of Female Sexuality - 1974 Words

In modern societies, where all the former taboos on sex are abolished, one subject can still raise a wave of debates. People of almost all religious views and social orders are ready to accept and be tolerant to homosexual or bisexual people, but the issue over the female sexuality is still unsettled. The question how it differs from the male sexuality and why exactly the attitude to female sexuality is different compared to the male one is discussed by lots of psychologists, sociologists and philosophers. However, there is no coherent and competent explanation yet. â€Å"Sexuality is messy, passionate, unclear, tentative, anxiety-producing, liberating, frightening, embarrassing, consoling, appetitive, and cerebral† (Schwartz, 1994, p. 8),†¦show more content†¦She writes that â€Å"it is an established fact that the idea of female sexuality prevalent over the centuries is not something given in nature, or biologically true, but is only a â€Å"cultural constructionà ¢â‚¬  (Kar, 2015, p. 24). Kar considers that by being culturally constructed, it absorbed lots of means to disempower women, and the medical sciences together with literature is two most powerful tools of this cultural absorption. Cultural oppression and suppression constitute this process. According to Kar (2015), â€Å"within this system, female sexuality was believed to be essentially passive† (p. 24). People believed this because they were taught that biologically female sexual organs were devoted to serve only one function that is reproductive one. Sexual fulfillment was out of the question, a luxury that women could not afford. Women were considered to be less sexually desirous compared to men. They were obliged to seek fulfillment by following their â€Å"natural destiny†, namely to be a good wife and mother. This all formed the stereotype of ideal female sexuality that is close to â€Å"neutral† because women should be modest, passive and even passionle ss. Such norm of sexual behavior was deeply rooted in many cultures and societies around the globe. However, some people were adherent to this norm, while others became the aberrant. Some women claimed that they had as much of the right to speak about sex as men. At the same time, each society tried to calm those who

Sufficient Terminology Definition in Regards to Australian Contract L

Question: Consideration need not be adequate or commercially realistic. It merely needs to be sufficient Discuss what the term sufficient means in this context and whether the statement is accurate in regards to Australian contract law. Answer: Introduction: According to the law of contract, consideration is the price that is asked by the promisor in lieu of the promise. Therefore, consideration is the price paid for the promise. According to the common law, a promisee should give consideration for the promise made by the promisor for creating a legally enforceable agreement. As a result of this position, generally the parties are not able to enforce gratuitous promises although some exceptions are present in this regard. However in most of the cases, the parties cannot legally enforce gratuitous promises and it is necessary that some consideration should be provided by the promisee. In this way, consideration is the price asked before by the promisor in return of his or her promise. At this point it should also be noted that in this case, the term 'price' has been used in a broad sense. It is not necessary that price should include a monetary value. The only requirement is that the price should have some detriment which has to be suffered by the promisee. Therefore, this detriment can be the losing of a freedom by the promisee like a promise to quit smoking or to study on a Saturday night. At the same time, it is also not necessary that any tangible benefit should be received by the promisor.[1] An example in this regard can be given of the famous case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company[2] there in the opinion of the Court, it was considered a sufficient by the code that the plaintiff has suffered a detriment in the form of using the Smoke Ball of the company in accordance with the directions of the company and it is not material if the company has not a bene fit. In the same way, although it is required that consideration should be supplied by the promisee but the law does not require that it should move towards the promisor. For example in case the promisor (A) asks the promisee (B) to give some money to C in return of A's promise made to B. Therefore in such a case, the money given to C can act as a valid consideration. But if it is required by A (promisor) that the consideration should be provided by C in return of A's promise made to B, it cannot be treated as a valid consideration. The reason is that in this case, B has not suffered a detriment in the form of consideration. Then there are two or more promisees, the consideration moved from a single promisee is considered a sufficient for the promise. According to the law of contract, consideration can be in form of anything that the promisor has stipulated. Therefore the consideration has to be stipulated by the promisor and as long as it is legal, the consideration can be provided in any form. In such a case, it is not necessary that the consideration should be comparable to the value of the promise that has been made in return. The famous case of Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd[3] discusses in detail the issue related with the value of consideration. In this case, Lord Somervell mentioned that for creating a valid contract, even a 'peppercorn' can provide a valuable consideration if the promisor has stipulated that the peppercorn will be the consideration for the contract. However the issue of the adequacy of consideration can play an important role in some other aspects, especially when the court has to deal with the issue of duress or undue conduct as a result of which, the contract can be stated to be voidable. In Chappell v Nestle, Nestl Company issued an advertisement according to which the company promised to provide a music record to all the persons who send some money to the company along with 3 wrappers of the chocolate of the company. As a result, it has to be decided by the court if the wrappers of chocolate can be treated as a part of the consideration related with the contract for music records. It was mentioned by the code that the chocolate wrappers were indeed a part of consideration and it was not only a condition precedent. The court stated that the fact that the chocolate wrappers were a part of consideration was made clear by the offer made by the company according to which it was clearly stated that with the help of these wrappers, any person can get a smash hit record. However in order to refute this condition, Nestl claimed that no value can be attributed to the wrappers of chocolate. However, the court stated that this was not relevant and the famous statement was made by Lord Somervell when he said that "anything can be stipulated by a contracting party as consideration". In this way, even a peppercorn can be considered as good consideration. It also needs to be noted that the law does not require the consideration to be adequate and the only requirement is that it should not be illusionary. In this way, anything can be stipulated by the promisor has consideration. The only requirement prescribed by the law in this regard is that the consideration should not be against the law. But in this regard it is required that consideration should be in the form of something which can be edited some value by the law or the consideration should be present. The result of this proposition is that it is not possible to treat an illusionary undertaking has consideration. Another requirement prescribed by the law contracting this regard is that it should come into existence along with the promise or the consideration should arise soon after the making of the promise. Therefore if the stipulated consideration has been in existence even before making the promise that consideration is not treated as a good consideration. In this regard an ex ample can be given of the situation in which A promises to transfer a car to B a return of his assistance provided to A in the last month. But in this case, this assistance cannot be treated as the consideration for the contract because it is past consideration. In Roscorla v Thomas[4] this was the main issue before the court and it was stated that a promise does not become binding only because of the reason that the consideration for the promise related with the soundness of the horse was to create the original contract but it had taken place before the promise has been made. The facts of this case are that P purchase the horse from D and D promised the soundness of the horse. In fact, it was not sound and therefore D was sued by P on the ground of the breach of contract. However, the court gave the decision that consideration was not present for the promise made by D. The original contract that has been pointed out as the consideration was a past consideration because the contract preceded the promise of the defendant. As a result, the court stated that it was not a part of the bargain and not given against the promise. Therefore, the court came to the conclusion that consideration was not present in this case. But in this regard it needs to be noted that an exception is also present to the general rule that past consideration is not good consideration. This exception provides that even past consideration can also be good consideration if such consideration has been provided by the promisee on a request of the promisor and there was also an understanding between the parties that the act of the promisee will be remunerated and such promise was made prior to the act itself. If these conditions are fulfilled, even a past consideration is a good consideration. The law of contract also provides that performing an existing duty cannot be a good consideration for the creation of a contract. Therefore the statement that a consideration has to be sufficient but it is not required to be adequate means that while it is required by the law that consideration should be sufficient but it does not mean that the law also requires the consideration to be adequate. The only requirement in this regard is that there should be the possibility of certain value that is capable of being expressed in economic terms but the law does not require that such value should be adequate too. In this way, the gratuitous promise is not enforceable by the law. Similarly, natural love and affection is not treated as sufficient consideration. The result of this position of law is that the courts do not go into the question of the adequacy of consideration. This means that the courts are not concerned with the question if a party has received sufficient consideration in return of the promise made by such party.[5] Therefore even if an offer is made by A to sell his house for $1 only, still the consider ation is valid. However if A offers to sell his house for free, there is no consideration present and therefore any agreement made between the parties is not enforceable by the law. For example in Thomas v Thomas[6], the rent promised to be paid was 1 pound per annum but the court did not go into the issue of the adequacy of the consideration. This rule has also been firmly established after the decision given by the court in Chappell v Nestl Co Ltd.[7] At the same time, the parties are also free to stipulate anything as the consideration for their contract. The courts will not interfere in the choice that has been made by the parties in this regard only on the ground that in a particular case it appears that a party has made a bad bargain. The ground on which the decision of the court in Chappell was based probably was the requirement according to which people had to send worthless chocolate wrappers would also have made the people to buy these chocolates. Conclusion At the end of the present discussion, it can be said that the above-mentioned position summarizes the points of law and also the arguments that are given in the favor of the statement according to which consideration needs to be sufficient but it is not required that it should also be adequate. Similarly, while it is required that at the time of considering the 'value' of the consideration stipulated by the parties, the courts do not deal with the issue of the adequacy of consideration and they are not bothered with the fact if a party to the contract has received a fair price or not. The only concern for the courts in such cases is to see if the party has paid the consideration under the contract and such consideration should be capable of being expressed in terms of monetary value.[8] The result of this provision of law is that intangible things like the lack of boredom or emotions are not treated as the consideration to which some value can be attributed. Therefore, the only requi rement is that the consideration should be of such a nature that has some monetary value for the parties. References Paterson, Robertson Duke, Principles of Contract Law (Lawbook Co, 3rd ed, 2009) Case Law Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Thomas v Thomas, 1842 2 QB 851 White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 [1] Paterson, Robertson Duke, Principles of Contract Law (Lawbook Co, 3rd ed, 2009) [2] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 [3] Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 [4] Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234 [5] White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 [6] Thomas v Thomas, 1842 2 QB 851 [7] Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1990] AC 87 [8] Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58