Admitted Students Day Jeff Sachs COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Admitted Students Day Jeff Sachs COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog “I can keep it brief. You should definitely come. Any questions?” On that lighthearted note, Professor Sachs began his keynote speech on Tuesday’s Admitted Students Day. The topics he discussed after this initial joke weren’t always so sunny, though. Climate change. Public health. The tsunami and nuclear disaster in Japan. They are, as he put it, “a new set of complexities that our current leaders have not been trained to solve.” But that doesn’t necessarily imply a completely bleak worldview. Watch this video of Professor Sachs’ speech to see the rest of the story:

Thomas Edisons Greatest Inventions

The legendary inventor Thomas Edison was the father of landmark inventions, including  the phonograph, the modern light bulb, the electrical grid, and motion pictures. Heres a look at a few of his greatest hits.   The Phonograph   Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images   Thomas Edison’s first great invention was the tin foil phonograph. While working to improve the efficiency of a telegraph transmitter, he noticed that the tape of the machine gave off a noise that resembled spoken words when played at a high speed. This led him to wonder if he could record a telephone message.   He began experimenting with the diaphragm of a telephone receiver by attaching a needle to it based on the reasoning that the needle could prick paper tape to record a message. His experiments led him to try a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which, to his great surprise, played back the short message he recorded, Mary had a little lamb. The word phonograph was the trade name for Edisons device, which played cylinders rather than discs. The machine had two needles: one for recording and one for playback. When you spoke into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of your voice would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle. The cylinder phonograph, the first machine that could record and reproduce sound, created a sensation and brought Edison international fame. The date given for Edisons completion of the model for the first phonograph was August 12, 1877. It is more likely, however, that work on the model was not finished until November or December of that year since he did not file for the patent until December 24, 1877. He toured the country with the tin foil phonograph and was invited to the White House to demonstrate the device to President Rutherford B. Hayes in April 1878. In 1878, Thomas Edison established the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company to sell the new machine. He suggested other uses for the phonograph, such as letter writing and dictation, phonographic books for blind people, a family record (recording family members in their own voices), music boxes and toys, clocks that announce the time and a connection with the telephone so communications could be recorded. The phonograph also led to other spin-off inventions. For example, while the Edison Company had been fully devoted to the cylinder phonograph, Edison associates began developing their own disc player and discs in secret due to concern over the rising popularity of discs. And in 1913, the Kinetophone was introduced, which attempted to synchronize motion pictures with the sound of a phonograph cylinder record. A Practical Light Bulb   Thomas Edisons greatest challenge was the development of a practical incandescent, electric light. Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images Contrary to popular belief, he didnt invent the lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. In 1879, using lower current electricity, a small carbonized filament and an improved vacuum inside the globe, he was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting source of light.   The idea of electric lighting was not new. A number of people had worked on and even developed forms of electric lighting. But up to that time, nothing had been developed that was remotely practical for home use. Edisons achievement was inventing not just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical. He accomplished this when he was able to come up with an incandescent lamp with a filament of carbonized sewing thread that burned for thirteen and a half hours. There are a couple of other interesting things about the invention of the light bulb. While most of the attention has been given to the discovery of the ideal filament that made it work, the invention of seven other system elements were just as critical to the practical application of electric lights as an alternative to the gas lights that were prevalent in that day. These elements included: The parallel circuitA durable light bulbAn improved dynamoThe underground conductor networkThe devices for maintaining constant voltageSafety fuses and insulating materialsLight sockets with on-off switches And before Edison could make his millions, every one of these elements had to be tested through careful trial and error and developed further into practical, reproducible components. The first public demonstration of the Thomas Edisons incandescent lighting system was at the Menlo Park laboratory complex in December of 1879.   Industrialized Electrical Systems On September 4, 1882, the first commercial power station, located on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan, went into operation, providing light and electricity power to customers in a one square mile area. This marked the beginning of the electric age as the modern electric utility industry has since evolved from the early gas and electric carbon-arc commercial and street lighting systems. Thomas Edisons Pearl Street electricity-generating station introduced four key elements of a modern electric utility system. It featured reliable central generation, efficient distribution, a successful end use (in 1882, the light bulb) and a competitive price. A model of efficiency for its time, Pearl Street used one-third the fuel of its predecessors, burning about 10 pounds of coal per kilowatt hour, a heat rate equivalent of about 138,000 Btu per kilowatt hour.   Initially, the Pearl Street utility served 59 customers for about 24 cents per kilowatt hour. In the late 1880s, power demand for electric motors dramatically altered the industry. It went from mainly providing nighttime lighting to becoming a 24-hour service due to high electricity demand for transportation and industry needs. By the end of the 1880s, small central stations dotted many U.S. cities, though each was limited in size to a few blocks because of direct current’s transmission inefficiencies. Eventually, the success of his electric light brought Thomas Edison to new heights of fame and wealth as electricity spread around the world. His various electric companies continued to grow until they were brought together to form Edison General Electric in 1889.   Despite the use of his name in the company title, Edison never controlled this company. The tremendous amount of capital needed to develop the incandescent lighting industry would necessitate the involvement of investment bankers such as J.P. Morgan. And when Edison General Electric merged with leading competitor Thompson-Houston in 1892, Edison was dropped from the name and the company became, simply, General Electric. Motion Pictures Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images   Thomas Edisons interest in motion pictures began before 1888, but it was English photographer Eadweard Muybridge’s visit to his laboratory in West Orange in February of that year that inspired him to invent a camera for motion pictures.   Muybridge had proposed that they collaborate and combine the Zoopraxiscope with the Edison phonograph. Edison was intrigued but decided not to participate in such a partnership because he felt that the Zoopraxiscope was not a very practical or efficient method  of recording motion.   However, he liked the concept and filed a caveat with the Patents Office on October 17, 1888, that described his ideas for a device that would do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear— record and reproduce objects in motion. The device, called a Kinetoscope, was combination of the Greek words kineto meaning movement and scopos meaning to watch.† Edison’s team finished development on the Kinetoscope in 1891. One of Edisons first motion pictures (and the first motion picture ever copyrighted) showed his employee Fred Ott pretending to sneeze. The major problem at the time, though, was that good film for motion pictures was not available.   That all changed in 1893 when Eastman Kodak began supplying motion picture film stock, making it possible for Edison to step up the production of new motion pictures. To do this, he built a motion picture production studio in New Jersey that had a roof that could be opened to let in daylight. The entire building was constructed so that it could be moved to stay in line with the sun. C. Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat invented a film projector called the Vitascope and asked Edison to supply the films and manufacture the projector under his name. Eventually, the Edison Company developed its own projector, known as the Projectoscope, and stopped marketing the Vitascope. The first motion pictures shown in a movie theater in America were presented to audiences on April 23, 1896, in New York City.

Thinkers of the Enlightenment Essay - 500 Words

Enlightenment The Enlightenment era was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Even though different philosophers approached their goal differently, they achieved it none the less. They all approached their goal differently due to their different upbringings, their different backgrounds, and most importantly their different environments. A few among the many enlightened thinkers were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron Do Montesquieu, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. While some of their idea’s are not used in modern society, they were all instrumental to the modern society we live in today. More then anyone else Baron do Montesquieu helped shape this country today. Baron†¦show more content†¦Without him we might have strayed to an absolute dictatorship the likes of which was suggested by Thomas Hobbes. Enlightenment thinkers challenged authority by speaking their mind to say the very least. They spoke their mind, instigated riots, and told people to change their own government. The fact that they preached their mind alone without regard of consequence is enough evidence that they challenged authority. Although many individuals were persecuted and intimidated into keeping quiet, they were not scarred by their respective governments and it is for that reason that we enjoy the fruits of their labor. Had they not endeavored so, and had they trembled in the face of adversity, we might be living in a country without any centralized government at all. Despite the fact that there were countless enlightenment thinkers, there are still many identifiable similarities between various of them. For example Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau both believed in the need for a social contract, and in individualism. They both disagreed on how to go about these things. Thomas Hobbes described an absolute monarchy with limited rights. Jean Jacques Rousseau on the other hand described an democracy with unalienable rights. These two thinkers are a perfect example who thought of different ideals, practiced them in different ways, but nonetheless helped shape the world we live in today. Many peopleShow MoreRelatedThinkers Of The Enlightenment Essay711 Words   |  3 Pagesrevolution, the Enlightenment brought new ideas and different ways of thinking to the growing modern society. The enlightenment was an intellectual movement that spread throughout western civilization starting around 1650 CE. Who were the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment? Well, many different individuals had a great impact on this movement. They contributed their ideas and spoke for their personal beliefs. Three of the most influential thinkers of the enlightenment were Mary WollstonecraftRead MoreHow Did The Enlightenment Thinkers Influence The Enlightenment?955 Words   |  4 PagesEnlightenment thinkers had a huge impact on how we view, and run our government today. They contributed greatly to the influences we have in our world and even the laws we abide by in our world today. These thinkers were extremely influential to our government and how they shaped the country. The reason being, they had amazing ideas that went for the better of the people, and that was exactly the dream that they had for the U.S. We follow what they said, and thought, and put our own twist on it toRead MoreThe Enlightenment and the Emergence of Free Thinkers Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment brought a wave of new thought and information into a society dominated by one controlling force: The Church. This final authority over the people in these dark times controlled them with religious dogma and powerful â€Å"suggestive† power over their state leaders. Being the largest and richest organization in the world for centuries gave The Church the ability to squash any free thinkers. Before the printing press, the majority of the educated and literate were the christian monksRead MoreThe Most Influential Thinkers Of The German Enlightenment Era1119 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant was born April 22, 1724 in Kà ¶nigsberg. Kant is considered one of the most infl uential thinkers of the German Enlightenment era. He could easily be labeled one of the greatest and most important Western philosophers of all time. Kant was born the fourth of nine children to Johann and Anna Kant. His father was a harness maker, and the large family lived a rather humble life. The family practiced Pietism, an 18th-century branch of the Lutheran Church. As a result of this, Kant’s earlyRead MoreGeorge C. Wallace and His Depiction of Freedom vs The Enlightenment Thinkers1347 Words   |  5 PagesWallace v. The Enlightenment George C. Wallace was the governor of Alabama in 1963, the time period when the fight for Civil Rights was at its height. On inauguration day, January 14, 1963, in Montgomery, Alabama, Wallace gave a speech that proves to everyone exactly what kind of man he was and strived to be. Wallace was against the common and moral rights of humanity and he contradicted the philosophies of the Enlightenment thinkers. The Enlightenment was a time period that lasted from the midRead MoreScience Fiction Influenced Teachings of Enlightenment thinkers, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Nicolas de Condorcet805 Words   |  4 Pages Enlightenment thinkers, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Nicolas de Condorcet were influenced by teachings of the Scientific Revolution. Reason and logic were used to dissect what was good and valuable apart from what was tyrannical and unable to be proven from the old teachings of philosophers and religion. It was this process of reason and logic that gave these thinkers the confidence in man’s intelligence and potential to improve that showed up in their writings. According to ourRead MoreWhat Is the Enlightenment? How Was This Question Answered by 18th Century Thinkers? and How Have Their Ideas Influenced Our Understanding of Modernity?962 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was an intellectual movement and was seen to have different definitions created by a range of philosophes during and after the enlightenment period. These philosophers included Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Francis Bacon, Marquis de Condorcet, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Rene Descartes. Some believed that the enlightenment somewhat defined what we now call modernity and consider to be human. Immanuel Kant quoted in his famous 1784 essay, the â€Å"Enlightenment isRead MoreInfluence Of Enlightenment On The American Revolution898 Words   |  4 Pages The ideas of the Enlightenment influenced the American Revolution and the formation of the American Government in several different ways. The Enlightenment period initiated several new ideas about freedoms and rights. These ideas were discussed in meetings called salons in France, where they discussed new ideas. There were many influential philosophers from the enlightenment periods, Thomas Hobbes, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Voltaire, John Locke, and Rousseau. Thomas Hobbes believed that all peopleRead MoreThe Intellectual Movement of Elightment759 Words   |  3 Pages 1. The intellectual movement of Enlightenment was a very intricate movement that was centralized on the concepts of progression, reasoning, and the scientific method. The Enlightenment thinkers believed they could implement some of these ideas towards societies and people. These ideas changed how humanity viewed the government, politics, and society. Although each philosopher had their own individual concept, they all centered on the themes of equality and freedom. Thomas Hobbes believed that religionRead MoreEssay on Revolution in Scientific Affairs977 Words   |  4 PagesEurope changed dramatically in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. In many ways, this change was a result of changes in intellectual’s approach to natural history, or science. This revolution in scientific affairs, sparked by thinkers like Bacon, Newton, and Descartes, resulted in a significant upheaval in the arts and literature of Europe. Research into this spread of scientific thinking, which would eventually come to influence ideas about such wildly disparate fields of human endeavor

Odysseus’ Obstacles Free Essays

Epic heroes must overcome obstacles in order to prove themselves true heroes. In The Odyssey by Homer many of the obstacles Odysseus encounters are female, monsters, and seducers. Odysseus overcomes many female obstacles such as Scylla, Circe, Sirens, and Calypso. We will write a custom essay sample on Odysseus’ Obstacles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ancient Greeks felt women were dangerous. Things would be different if Odysseus encountered more male obstacles because he would have just fought them and won. Odysseus has many experiences with female characters such as Scylla, Circe, Sirens, and Calypso. In order to overcome these obstacles Odysseus had to go threw many difficulties. He ended up having affairs with Calypso and Circe. To overcome these obstacles he left them for Penelope. When Odysseus was stranded on Circe’s island he tried to escape waiting for boats to save him. He came in contact with many other female characters also after he escaped. The ancient Greeks thought women were very dangerous and tempting. If Odysseus never came in contact with Calypso or Circe he would have never had any affairs. If those affairs never started Odysseus would not have had an affair with Calypso for seven years. He also would not have had an affair with Circe meaning he would have returned to Ithaca sooner. His affairs were part of the reason for his delay. Things would have been different if Odysseus encountered more male obstacles because he could have fought them and would have won but from what we see Odysseus did not believe in physical abuse toward women, so he was also sexist. He did not believe in killing or hitting women. Throughout the book the only women he killed were his maids because they had sexual relations with the suitors. Therefore he could not kill or hit Circe or Calypso because they were good to him. If Odysseus did not encounter so many female obstacles he would have gotten to Ithaca quicker but he was an epic hero therefore he had to prove himself a true hero. How to cite Odysseus’ Obstacles, Papers

Domestic and Family Violence Analysis

Questions: 1. Identify and investigate two groups in the Australian Community who are at increased risk of domestic violence. Why these are groups of people more at risk and how can services improve policy and practice responses to provide better access and services to these particular groups in the community? 2. Write what did you learn when you are client? How do you improve next time if you meet this type of this client? Answers: (1). The indigenous women in the Australian community are prone to domestic violence. The 2015 Australian of the Year, Rosie Batty raised her voice against the domestic violence done towards the indigenous women in Australia (Boserio 2015). It has been reported that in a week, two women becomes victims of domestic violence. In the year, 2015, 32 women have been reported of losing their lives due to domestic violence (Boserio 2015). It has been found that the aboriginal women have been hospitalized 34 times more than any other women have in the Australian community (Boserio 2015). As the indigenous women do not the proper recognition in the society and the lack of protections for the indigenous women, has resulted reluctance of the women in reporting the cases of domestic violence that has been done against them. The issues between the Australian police and the indigenous communities results in the missing report of the indigenous women regarding the domestic violence. The government has announced a $100 million package to protect the indigenous women who are open to violence. The packages include innovative services and supports for the protections of the women as well as the technologies for them. Among the $100 million, $21 million is kept for the indigenous women who faced domestic violence (Malcolm Turnbull MP 2016). However, the government has launched a number of policies and the funds for the development of the indigenous women, yet some of the actions against the women go unnoticed. It is important that along with keeping the funds, the government should make the rescue operation stronger, so that the police comes to know about the cases of violence to the police and are rescued by the government. A huge section of children is subjected to abuse and violence (Child Family Community Australia 2015). The reports of child abuse and violence do not get reported mainly because the children face these violence or abuses from the family members or relatives. The children fear to tell their problems to the parents because at times the parents do not believe them (Child Family Community Australia, 2015). At times, the family members do not report the cases to the police because of the fear of society and family. However, the violence against the child affects the future of the child as the children grow up in fear and do not develop the courage to fight against anything or anybody at the later stage. The National Framework for Protecting Australias Children 2009-2020 is an initiative taken by the government of Australia to protect the children from violence and abuse (Protecting Children is Everyones Business 2016). The framework will not only take measures in protecting the children but will also monitor the success of the government in protecting the children. The framework will be reviewed on a three year basis for the protection of the children. (2). Scenario one As a client it has been learnt that it is required tot talk to the boy rather than going to the court directly. The father is allowed to meet the kids every alternate Sundays. As the one of the boys does not like to go out with the father, the client has thought of reducing the access of her husband to the kids. However, the counselor suggested would be against the law as it was the order passed by the law (Domestic violence orders 2012). The counselor understood that there is a need to talk to the boy to know why did not want to meet the father. Once the client will be able to know the exact reasons behind the reluctance of the kid to meet the father, the case will be solved easily. If there is a case of violence, it could be solved with the help of law. Once this type of client will again come to the counselor, the counselor should ask the client to bring the kid who is having the problem. If the boy would have come to meet the counselor, then the counselor would have talked to the boy and have understood the main reason behind the fear of not meeting the father (Henningfeld 2012). Out of the two boys, the other boy does not have any problem with the father but the younger son had a problem. Hence, it is important for the counselor to talk to the boy before taking any legal action in this case. Scenario two As a client it has been learnt that there is a womens protection cell, which looks after the protection of the women (Blair 2012). The victim has told the counselor about the type of violence she is facing. The client will be under their protection. Even, if the victim is not staying in the protection cell, there need to be a security check at the residence where the victim is staying and the security will make sure that everything is fine and the partner is not carrying out any type of violence on the women. The client is assured that she does not have to disclose all her details to the protection cell and the police will keep her identity hidden until it was required to take actions against the partner (Gans 2012). If this type of client visits for the second time, the client should be made to talk with another woman who has been subjected to such violence and currently leading a good life without any fear of violence from any person. The present client is scared of the partner and do not want to disclose anything about the violence to anybody, not even her own sister. She might be fearing about the society, however if she meets a person with same problems and listens to the story of a real life person, the client will be more convinced that the problem will be solved and she would not feel ashamed of her situation. It will be easier for the government officials to protect her. Moreover, it will be easier for the person to come out of the situation easily. References Blair, N. (2012).Domestic violence trends and issues in NSW. [Sydney, N.S.W.]: Standing Committee on Social Issues, Parliament of New South Wales. Boserio, G. (2015).Domestic abuse of Indigenous women a 'national crisis'. Child Family Community Australia. (2015).Child abuse and neglect statistics. Domestic violence orders. (2012). [Darwin]: [Dept. of Children and Families]. Gans, J. (2012).Modern criminal law of Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Henningfeld, D. (2012).Family violence. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Malcolm Turnbull MP. (2016).Release: Womens Safety Package to #StoptheViolence | Malcolm Turnbull MP.

RIPA-G2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation Essay Example

RIPA-G:2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation Paper Ross Information Processing Assessment Geriatric: Second Edition (RIPA G:2) Diagnostic Test Critique General Information Ross-swain, D. , Fogle, P. T. , (2012). Ross Information Processing Assessment- Geriatric. (2nd ed. ). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. No reference was given as to what revisions/changes occurred in the production of the RIPA-G:2 from its previous edition. Purpose of Test The purpose of the Ross Information Processing Assessment-Geriatric: Second Edition (RIPA-G:2) is to provide a comprehensive and norm-referenced cognitive- inguistic assessment instrument that is designed to identify, describe, and quantify cognitive-linguistic deficits in individuals ages 55 years and older. Test Composition The RIPA-G:2 is composed of examiner record booklets and the manual. We will write a custom essay sample on RIPA-G:2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on RIPA-G:2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on RIPA-G:2 Diagnostic Test Evaluation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The booklets are organized into seven subtests (immediate memory, temporal orientation, spatial orientation, general information, situational knowledge, categorical vocabulary, and listening comprehension) that evaluate the different aspects of geriatric cognitive-linguistic skills/functioning. The manual is straightforward and easy to follow. Split into six chapters, the first three cover general information about the test, administration and interpretation. Whereas, chapters four through six focus on the normative sample, the tests reliability and the tests validity. Appendixes A-C are used to convert the subtest raw scores to scaled scores, the subtest raw scores to percentile ranks, and to convert the sums ot the scaled scores to indexes and percentile ranks, respectively. Appendix D consists of an example of a scored RIPA-G:2 subtest that is helpful to the examiners understanding of the test. Administration of Test The RIPA-G:2 is an easy to administer test where the only material required during the assessment is the Examiner Record Booklet (a recording device is recommended in the case of an examinee who produces rapid responses). The test itself only takes 25-35 minutes to administer, however if the examinee appears fatigued or to lose interest at any point, it is suggested that the test be extended into another session at a later date. It is also suggested that the examiner be thoroughly familiar with the manual and procedures, as well as having a good rapport with the examinee. The examiner would first fill out Section 1 of the Examiner Record Booklet with the examinees identifying information then begin the assessment with: Subtest 1: Immediate Memory which requires the examinee to repeat numbers, words, and sentences of increasing length and complexity after the examiner. Subtest 2: Temporal Orientation requires the examinee to answer questions relating to the concept of time. Subtest 3: Spatial Orientation requires the examinee to answer questions relating to the concept of locations or places. Subtest 4: General Information assesses the examinees ability to recall general information that is erceived as common knowledge. Subtest 5: Situational Knowledge requires the examinee to answer questions that involve problem-solving and reasoning. Subtext 6: Categorical Vocabulary assesses the examinees ability to list items in several categories as well as providing a name of a category per list of items. Subtest 7: Listening Comprehension requires the examinee to listen to the examiner read a short narrative paragraph and answer the questions that follow it. For each subtest the examiner would write each of the examinees responses in the space provided, ecord their score, and circle the corresponding diacritical response(s). The diacritical notations are used to record the examinees behavior and are as follows (complete definitions can be found in chapter two of the manual): e- error response p- perseveration r repetition of stimulus for completion of the task d- denial or refusal dl- delayed response c confabulation pc- partially correct or incomplete response i- irrelevant information contained in response t- tangential information provided with response sc- self-corrected response a reference box can be found at the end of each subtest for reference. Scoring For every subtest (except for part A of Subtest 6) each response is given a score of 3 when the response is correct, 2 when the response is partially correct, self- corrected, or correct but accompanied by irrelevant or tangential information, 1 when the response is an error, perseverated, or contabulated, or O when the response is denied or unintelligible, or no response is elicited. These scores are in conjunction with the diacritical notations so as to better describe the examinees performance. For Subtest 6 part A, the examiner should make a note of what strategies the xaminee employs and tally the number of correct objects named. For this part of Subtest 6 the rubric follows the same 3-0 scale, however the criteria is different. A score of 3 is given when all items are correct and the total tally of responses is 15 or more, 2 when all responses are self-corrected or the total tally of responses is 10-14, 1 when there are error responses, perseverations, or denials, or the total tally of responses is 9 or less, and O when the response is unintelligible or no response is elicited. The RIPA-G:2 produces three types of scores: raw scores, scaled scores, and ercentile ranks. The percentile rank can be converted to a corresponding severity rating that provides a general indication of the examinees performance in comparison to others. The raw score is calculated for each subtest by summing up all the item scores per that subtest. These scores are taken from all seven subtests and transcribed to Section 2 of the Examiner Record Booklet where they are then converted to scaled scores and percentile ranks via the age-based tables located in Appendixes A and B, respectively. The degree of severity can be interpreted using section 3 of the booklet. The Composite Index of Section 2 is derived by taking the total sum of the scaled scores and finding the corresponding terms using Appendix C in the manual. Section 4 of the Examiner Record Booklet is used to describe the examinees behavior. The total number of diacritical notations used within the subtests should be calculated and divided by total possible occurrences (these numbers are provided in Section 4) and rounded to the nearest whole number in order to portray the overall percentage of occurrence. Interpretation The results of this test should not be used to diagnose, however, they do give a ood idea as to a selection of long-term therapy goals. It helps to identify cognitive- linguistic deficits in the elderly population, in research that focuses on cognitive processing in the elderly population, as well as in the determination of the degree of severity of any cognitive-linguistic problems in those examinees who perform poorly on the test. By examining the subtests that are generated to assess organizational skills, temporal concepts, special concepts, memory, categorization, sequencing, general information, awareness of reality, semantic organization bases, word finding bilities, auditory sequential memory, receptive vocabulary, and processing speed, one can take the examinees results and facilitate small therapy tasks in accordance. Evaluation of Test Adequacy The RIPA-G:2 data was collected from 229 individuals, 106 of which were normally functioning and 123 who were diagnosed with a specified cognitive-linguistic impairment. Data was collected from ten different states, 54/46 female to male ratio, their ages ranged from 55-97 years with a predominantly white and economically stable demographic. Testing took place from the spring of 2008-the summer of 2010. There were a total of seven examiners selected based on their purchase of the RIPA- G within the previous two years. The data presented suggests t 2 is a highly reliable and valid measure of cognitive-linguistic processing in the geriatric population. The reliability is shown to be consistently high across all three types of reliability studied; content, time and scorer differences. Coefficient alphas, test-retest, and scorer difference methods were used. Of the 56 different alphas reported, 28 met or exceeded . 90, and 45 exceeded or met . 80. All information Processing Indexes exceeded or round to . 0 within the subgroups as well. The test-retest method took 32 individuals and had them take the test twice, the second time a week or more later. All but one of the mean standard scores, the standard deviations, and the correlation coefficients showed the relationships between the test sessions to round to or exceed . 80 which suggests reliability. Validity shows the RIPA-G:2 to be a highly effective and valid assessment tool via the data presented. The content-description validity involving the systematic examination of the test content to determining whether it covers a representative ample of the behavior domain to be measured is highly descriptive. The conventional and differential item functioning analyses fully supported the validity of the items. The criterion-prediction validity the effectiveness of a test in predicting an individuals performance in specified activities supported this tests validity by the results of two samples of adults who underwent selected criterion measure review and binary classification analysis pertaining to the tests sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value with positive correlations. Construct-identification validity is elated to the degree to which certain traits of a test can be identified and the extent to which these will reflect the assumption on which the test is based and results suggested that these traits be examined via differences among groups, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and item validity. The traits were all found to consistently underlying and thus further supports the conclusion that the RIPA-G:2 is a valid measure of cognitive-linguistic abilities. Summary I think that this test is easy to administer and understand. The context and anguage of the manual is easy to comprehend, however, the organization of the administrative instructions is not sequential and thus a little bit hard to locate at first. The manual specifies that one shouldnt stray from its specified scoring, but it leaves a lot of room for clinical Judgment as well. However, I like how one does not need the manual in the actual assessment, all one needs is the Examiner Record Booklet the manual is only necessary in the translation of scores. The results of the test are easy to comprehend, not only for an SLP but for caregivers as well. Overall, I would definitely use it.

Free Essays on Business Law Report - Contracts

Business Law Report - Contracts The following report is based upon the following scenario. Cooper offers to purchase Brant’s coin collection for $5,000, and Brian accepts Cooper’s offer. Assuming that their agreement has met all the requirements for a valid contract, analyze this contractual situation in regards to different positions that each party can assume. In the first situation that will be analyzed, the contract is written, Brant is a minor, and Cooper is an adult. Brant sold the coin collection to Cooper in exchange for $5,000. Brant then has a change of heart and wants to recover his coin collection from Cooper. The issue is whether or not Brant is allowed to do this while he was still a minor and what if Brant was a minor at the time of the sale, but did not decide that he wanted the coin collection back until a year after his eighteenth birthday. First we have to address the issue of the written contract. To address this issue you must consider if this rule falls under the Stature of Frauds. The Statute of Frauds stipulates which contracts need to be in written form to be enforceable. (West 270) One of the rules states that a contract for goods priced over $500 must be written. So, this contract is acceptable by law. (West 275) Next we can address the issue about Brant being a minor. In the first scenario, it states that Brant is a minor and that he wasn’t to stop the contract while he is still a minor. Since Brant is a minor, the contract can be disaffirmed at his option. (West 240) Brant must return what he received from Cooper in the contract which is $5,000 and Cooper must return the coins. Because of this, Brant cannot receive the coin collection back until he returns the money to Cooper. Lastly, there is the issue about Brant wanting the coin collection back after he reaches the age of majority. Current laws stipulate that minors have the opportunity of disaffirming a contract if it done... Free Essays on Business Law Report - Contracts Free Essays on Business Law Report - Contracts Business Law Report - Contracts The following report is based upon the following scenario. Cooper offers to purchase Brant’s coin collection for $5,000, and Brian accepts Cooper’s offer. Assuming that their agreement has met all the requirements for a valid contract, analyze this contractual situation in regards to different positions that each party can assume. In the first situation that will be analyzed, the contract is written, Brant is a minor, and Cooper is an adult. Brant sold the coin collection to Cooper in exchange for $5,000. Brant then has a change of heart and wants to recover his coin collection from Cooper. The issue is whether or not Brant is allowed to do this while he was still a minor and what if Brant was a minor at the time of the sale, but did not decide that he wanted the coin collection back until a year after his eighteenth birthday. First we have to address the issue of the written contract. To address this issue you must consider if this rule falls under the Stature of Frauds. The Statute of Frauds stipulates which contracts need to be in written form to be enforceable. (West 270) One of the rules states that a contract for goods priced over $500 must be written. So, this contract is acceptable by law. (West 275) Next we can address the issue about Brant being a minor. In the first scenario, it states that Brant is a minor and that he wasn’t to stop the contract while he is still a minor. Since Brant is a minor, the contract can be disaffirmed at his option. (West 240) Brant must return what he received from Cooper in the contract which is $5,000 and Cooper must return the coins. Because of this, Brant cannot receive the coin collection back until he returns the money to Cooper. Lastly, there is the issue about Brant wanting the coin collection back after he reaches the age of majority. Current laws stipulate that minors have the opportunity of disaffirming a contract if it done...